In Turkey, as in other countries, the human and economic toll of the COVID-19 pandemic has been severe. Thousands of lives have been tragically lost and many livelihoods compromised. The initial policy response to the pandemic-and subsequent sharp growth rebound-set Turkey apart from its peers....

We study the impact of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) on access to consumer credit since 1999 using an individual-level panel and three distinct identification strategies: a regression discontinuity design centered on a CRA-eligibility cutoff; a comparison of neighboring census blocks; and...

The Covid-19 crisis has lead to a reduction in the demand and supply of sectors that produce goods that need social interaction to be produced or consumed. We interpret the Covid-19 shock as a shock that reduces utility stemming from “social” goods in a two-sector economy with incomplete...

The green credit policy plays a vital role in promoting enterprise upgrading. Using a thirteen year panel data of listed companies in China (2007 2019), this study uses the difference in differences (DID) method to examine the effects of the Green Credit Guidelines in 2012 (GCG2012) on the firm...

Partial credit guarantees have been a central tool in countries' strategies to support firms through the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper presents the results of a set of surveys covering 19 partial credit guarantees in 12 countries in the Latin America region, which were repeated at different...

The coronavirus (COVID-19) macroeconomic shock was different from previous crises in terms of its speed, the severity of the resulting job losses, the fiscal support provided in response and the stability of house prices. In response to this sudden shock and in line with European Banking...

We study a large-scale quasi-experiment in the Brazilian banking sector characterized by an unexpected and macroeconomically relevant increase in lending by commercial government banks. Using credit registry data, we find that this intervention led to a reduction in lending rates, but it did not...

The Main Street Lending Program (MSLP) was established by the Federal Reserve to supply credit to small and, especially, midsize businesses so they could weather COVID-19-induced disruptions. This study uses Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) data on the financial condition and overall viability of firms to...

We study third-party loan guarantees in a model in which lenders can screen, learn loan quality over time and can sell loans before maturity when in need of liquidity. Loan guarantees improve market liquidity and reduce lending standards, with a positive overall welfare effect. Guarantees...

This study examines how China’s green credit policy (GCP) affects the risk profile of heavily polluting firms (HPFs). We use the difference-in-difference (DID) method to confirm that the GCP implemented in China in 2012 adversely affects crash risk (a measure of firm-specific risk of stock...

We estimate the impact of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) on small business lending in lower-income neighborhoods. Using 2004-2016 panel data on census tracts, we apply a combined regression discontinuity and fixed effect method. We find that the number of small business loans increases by...

We study third-party loan guarantees in a model in which lenders can screen, learn loan quality over time and can sell loans before maturity when in need of liquidity. Loan guarantees improve market liquidity and reduce lending standards, with a positive overall welfare effect. Guarantees...

We investigate the impact of bank disclosure regulations on local business activities by exploiting the 2005 Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) reform, which exempted a group of banks from federal mandatory disclosure requirements for geographic loan distribution. We find that low and moderate...

We study the effect of short-term finance on firm growth and its aggregate implications. Using a unique firm-level dataset of a credit guarantee program in Morocco, we show that firms with guaranteed short-term loans expand their production scale homogeneously and sharply decrease their cash...

I study optimal credit, monetary, and fiscal policy under commitment in a model where financial intermediaries face an occasionally binding financial constraint; the monetary authority faces a zero lower bound (ZLB); and the fiscal authority faces a budget constraint. Despite being inactive...

The Federal Reserve has long used policy frameworks to both explain and inform its policymaking. These policy frameworks typically explain what the Fed is seeking to achieve in a given domain and how it plans to achieve its desired aims. Two prominent examples are the Fed’s use of Bagehot’s...

This paper analyzes how bank regulation that promotes greater access to credit impacts the financing of targeted small firms. It develops a model where banks compete with trade creditors to fund small firms and applies it to study the effects of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). The...

In 2012, China implemented a green credit policy (GCP) that restricts bank credits to heavily polluting firms. This paper examines how the GCP affects the cash holdings of Chinese listed firms. Using a difference-in-differences research design, we find that GCP-affected firms increase their cash...

The paper aimed to study the factors affecting credit facilities for banks in Yemen. The study sample consisted of all Yemeni banks during the period 2006-2018. It used the ratio of credit facilities to total assets as a dependent variable and eight independent variables: deposit ratio, capital...

The Main Street Lending Program was created to support credit to small and medium-sized businesses and nonprofit organizations that were harmed by the pandemic, particularly those that were unsupported by other pandemic-response programs. It was the most direct involvement in the business loan...

The economics literature lacks articles that provide a broad roadmap-let alone a logical explanation-of the new set of Federal Reserve policy tools that were created to counter the COVID-19 recession. This study provides an overview of the motivation for these new credit-easing programs-namely...