This study aims to enhance the Job Demand-Resources (JD-R) model by incorporating the aggregation approach and addressing the research gap concerning interpersonal conflicts within this framework. Building on the theoretical background and placing interpersonal conflicts in the JD-R framework,...

In 2023, after a full 20 years, the Republic of Croatia adopted a new legal framework for maritime domain with the enactment of the new Maritime Domain and Seaports Act. The new act addresses numerous technical issues related to Croatia's maritime domain and aligns concessions on maritime domain...

Croatia has two international RBDs: the Danube and the Adriatic, covered by one single RBMP. Three authorities are competent for this RBMP (the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development, the national body responsible for water management Croatian Waters and the Josip Juraj Strossmayer...

This policy brief produced by Cedefop presents a snapshot of vocational education and training policy developments in Croatia between 2020 and the end of 2024. It presents the context and the challenges the country faces, a selection of the latest VET-related statistics, as well as the national...

The Floods Directive (FD) established a framework for flood risk management. It foresees 6-yearly cycles aiming at the reduction of the adverse consequences associated with floods in the European Union (EU). The first cycle covered the period 2010-15. The second cycle covers the period 2016-21....

Croatia has engaged in major reforms at all levels of education in the past years to improve the performance of its education system, underpinned by substantial support from EU funds. As a result, participation in early childhood education and care (ECEC) and tertiary educational attainment are...

The Education and Training Monitor's country reports present and assess the main recent and ongoing policy development at all education levels in the 27 EU Member States. They give the reader more in-depth insight into the performance of a country as regards the EU-level targets agreed within...

The Education and Training Monitor's country reports present and assess the main recent and ongoing policy development at all education levels in the 27 EU Member States. They give the reader more in-depth insight into the performance of a country as regards the EU-level targets agreed within...

Wildfire risk is increasing in Croatia. Between 2010 and 2021, the cost of damage due to wildfires across the country totaled over Euro 249 million; the 2017 fire season burned 67,666 ha of land and caused an estimated Euro 109 million in losses; and the 2022 season recorded 149 fires. Even...

Croatia faces significant earthquake risk due to its moderate to high seismic activity and its vulnerable, aging buildings and other infrastructure. Although earthquakes are comparatively rare in Croatia, they nonetheless pose considerable risk. In 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the country...

Croatia faces a complex disaster risk landscape that requires smarter, risk informed planning to strengthen emergency preparedness and climate resilience. The country's seismic vulnerability, diverse geography, and increasing climate related hazards such as floods, wildfires, and landslides pose...

Regulating seismic resilience is essential for Croatia to protect lives, minimize physical damage, and support sustainable development. Although earthquakes occur less frequently than other hazards, they pose significant risks to communities and infrastructure. Recent events have highlighted the...

The implementation of Croatia's 'National Roma Strategic Framework' (NRSF) has led to visible progress in promoting Roma culture, improving living conditions, and enhancing participation. Awareness-raising initiatives, cultural memorials, and media projects have strengthened the recognition of...

The present report proposes five price transmission analyses in three MS (Italy, Spain and Croatia). Among the five analyses conducted, all analyses cover preserved anchovy of national origin retailed in national supermarkets. As follows: - 80 g of salted anchovies in olive oil retailed in Italy...

This report presents the findings from the first (micro) phase of the thematic country review (TCR) on upskilling pathways (UP) in Croatia. It captures the perspectives of both the beneficiaries of the initiatives under review and the stake-holders involved in their implementation. The TCR on UP...

The banking sector in the Western Balkan countries has changed dramatically in recent years. A variety of factors have contributed to these changes, such as economic growth, increased competition, and the implementation of new regulations. As a result, the profitability of the banking sector...

Over the past decade, Croatia has demonstrated significant progress in economic development and improvement in living standards for its citizens. Economic performance during this period, including the country's strong recovery following its pandemic-induced recession, was underpinned by sound...

Background: Recent global disruptions have exposed the vulnerability of international supply chains, prompting a shift toward regionalization to enhance economic resilience. As a European Union (EU) member, Croatia has an opportunity to strengthen its integration into EU regional value chains...

The present report proposes five price transmission analyses in three MS (Italy, Spain and Croatia). Among the five analyses conducted, all analyses cover preserved anchovy of national origin retailed in national supermarkets. As follows: - 80 g of salted anchovies in olive oil retailed in Italy...

The aim is to identify gaps in the monitoring network for Croatia according to the revised Ambient Air Quality Directive (Directive (EU) 2024/2881). The analysis is conducted considering the data officially reported by Croatia for the last five years (2019-2023) to EEA's Repornet2. Data has been...

Croatia is a unitary and indivisible democratic and welfare state (Article 1 of the Constitution). The Croatian legal system is a civil law system and the government is organised according to the principle of the separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial branches, but is also...

How do beliefs on admission probability influence application choices? In this study, we empirically investigate whether and how admission probability is reflected in application choices in a centralized admission system. We exploit a novel setting of a dynamic deferred acceptance mechanism as...

This unique insight into the corporate investment in Croatia examines companies' finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2024 edition also provides insight into the pressing issues facing firms, such as climate change, high energy costs and the green transition. The survey, which has...

The VAT Gap represents the difference between expected VAT revenues and those actually collected, reflecting compliance challenges, policy inefficiencies, and enforcement gaps. As part of the European Commission's ongoing efforts to improve VAT compliance and revenue collection, these 27 country...

This report is an analysis of the labour market in the trilateral border region between Slovenia, Italy and Croatia. It presents a current and forward-looking analysis of the evolution of the labour market from both a statistical and policy perspective. Importantly, the focus of the case study...

Government effectiveness in Croatia has recorded an increase in score from 0.46 in 2019 to 0.58 in 2022, highlighting a clear positive trend. Nevertheless, government effectiveness remains below the average for the European Union Member States (EU-27) in 2019 (before the impact of COVID-19),...

This report documents the work done in the most recent annual update for Croatia. This work was carried out by the EUROMOD core development team, based at the JRC in Seville, in collaboration with the national team.

The Croatian Qualifications Framework (CROQF) (Hrvatski kvalifikacijski okvir, HKO) is a comprehensive 13-level framework. It includes qualifications from all levels and sectors of formal education and training, i.e. general, vocational education and training (VET), higher and adult education....

The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is the framework of economic policies covering the European Union (EU) - including both euro area and non-euro area countries. The principal long-term aim of EMU is economic convergence for the EU over three successive stages. Once a country reaches the...

Croatia's fishing fleet is largely small-scale. The fleet operates only in the northern Adriatic. Commercial fishing activities require professional training (8 hours) that is offered monthly by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. In addition, national Croatian standards...

The Commission carried out a study to look at consumer behaviours concerning food waste and date marking. The study covered over 25000 participants from across all 27 EU Member States, who were asked to report on how they manage food in their daily lives through a survey. Based on their...

The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is the framework of economic policies covering the European Union (EU) - including both euro area and non-euro area countries. The principal long-term aim of EMU is economic convergence for the EU over three successive stages. Once a country reaches the...

This paper examines the key aspects of corporate governance of stateowned enterprises (SOEs) through a comparative survey conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia. The research explores two distinct perspectives: the state's view on the necessity and governance of SOEs, and the...

Croatia faces two key labor market challenges: a shortage of labor and the inadequate skills of its existing workforce. These challenges are being shaped by global megatrends, namely, demographic, green, and digital transitions. To address these key challenges, actions are needed on several...

Croatia is at a critical demographic crossroads. Against a backdrop of an aging and declining population, Croatia is transitioning from a country of emigration to one increasingly relying on foreign workers, with profound implications for the nation's economic and social fabric. While recent...

This study investigates the relationship between financialisation and economic growth in Croatia, focusing on the period from 1995 to 2021. Using time series econometric models, including the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test for stationarity, Johansen's cointegration test for long-term...

Conventional wisdom suggests that when business regulation is excessive, deregulation should enhance efficiency. The liberalization of services markets in Croatia demonstrates that this is not necessarily the case, particularly when features of the reform process allow undue influence by those...

Conventional wisdom suggests that when business regulation is excessive, deregulation should enhance efficiency. The liberalization of services markets in Croatia demonstrates that this is not necessarily the case, particularly when features of the reform process allow undue influence by those...

The Country Opinion Survey in Croatia assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Croatia perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector,...

The Subnational public finance report is the first in a series of World Bank reports that analyze local and regional government fiscal and financial developments in Croatia. The objective of this work is to offer policy advice on improving public service delivery in a fiscally efficient and...