This volume presents the first systematic review of public bank lending in the water sector in the Global South. Many public banks have an explicit mandate to finance public water management, yet despite a resurgence of interest in public banks and the role they can play in sustainable...

The Asian Development Bank has adopted internal practices aligned with its commitment to help its members achieve gender equality. This study analyzes panel data on its staff spanning 2000-2022 to understand gender differences in salaries and career paths of its three staff groups. A...

This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) assesses the relevance, effectiveness, and adaptability of the World Bank Group's support to Nepal from FY 2014 through FY23. The evaluation period spans the FY14-18 Country Partnership Strategy and the FY19-24 Country Partnership Framework (CPF). The CPE's...

This evaluation assesses the World Bank Group's contributions to supporting electricity access in Sub-Saharan Africa during 2015-24. Electricity access is an end user's ability to use an energy supply for the desired energy services. As such, electricity access includes both supply and demand...

Fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV) have upended development progress. Overlapping and mutually reinforcing crises, including worsening climate challenges, ideological polarization and extremism, growing economic disparities, and weak governance and corruption, have all exacerbated the...

The 2024 Results and Performance of the World Bank Group report - also known as the RAP- is the fourteenth annual report in the series. The RAP series aggregates and interprets evidence on World Bank Group performance, mainly using IEG's validations of World Bank, International Finance...

Both World Bank shareholders and the Bank’s management have emphasised the need for large-scale private investment to achieve development and climate goals. For the World Bank Group, this means collaborating more closely between its different institutions, an issue that World Bank President...

This paper investigates the role of the New Development Bank (NDB) in challenging global financial hierarchies while fostering an ecological transition. The NDB, established by BRICS, has a mechanism of providing development finance in local currency, which could reduce dependency on core...

The European Investment Bank (EIB) Group (EIBG), comprising the EIB1 and the European Investment Fund (EIF), 2 is committed to the highest possible level of transparency. The EIB has had a policy on access to information since 1997.3 The EIB's commitment to openness is currently enshrined in the...

The European Investment Bank Group is committed to being open and transparent with EU citizens and the wider public. The EIB Group Transparency Policy explains how the EIB Group ensures transparency and engages with stakeholders. It sets out how the Group publishes information proactively and...

Discover how the EIB is shaping a more resilient, sustainable, and inclusive world through its support to countries outside the European Union. The EIB Group Global Impact Report 2024/2025 offers a compelling look into Europe's pivotal role as an anchor of stability and innovation, spotlighting...

The EIB Group Compliance Functions, composed of the EIB and EIF Compliance Functions, regularly adapt their policies, practices and systems in line with the EIB and EIF risk appetite frameworks, market trends, the regulatory landscape and best practice. Compliance is considered throughout the...

The EIB Group (the 'EIBG' or the 'Group'') does not fall within the scope of application of the European Union (EU)'s legislation applicable to credit institutions, in particular the Capital Requirements Directive and Regulation (Directive 2013/36/EU or 'CRD', Regulation 575/2013 or 'CRR', as...

This Country Program Evaluation assesses the performance and effectiveness of the World Bank Group's support to Georgia in achieving the country's development objectives. In the decade leading up to the evaluation period, Georgia pursued economic reforms to attract critical investments for...

This evaluation assesses the relevance and effectiveness of the World Bank Group's support to Tanzania between Fiscal Years 2012 and 2022. Over the past decade, Tanzania has experienced resilient growth, with an average annual per capita GDP increase of 2.2%. However, poverty remains widespread...

In Africa, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face a chronic financing gap that hinders their growth and the continent's economic development. Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) are often seen as a solution to bridge this gap, particularly through indirect support to local banks....

Following the Paris Summit for a Global Financial Pact and the United Nations resolution on the adoption of a Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI), multilateral development banks (MDBs) have been called upon to integrate structural vulnerability into the allocation of their concessional...

The United Nations financing for development process, including the Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development (FfD4) in Seville in 2025, is an important building block to foster global cooperation amid the current geopolitical tensions and multiple crises that have led to...

In 2012, Somalia was considered a failed state characterized by multiple, protracted, and deeply rooted fragility and development challenges. Today, Somalia remains one of the poorest and most fragile countries in the world. The country continues to be affected by ongoing civil conflict, a...

The 2024 Complaints Mechanism Annual Report highlights the key achievements of the European Investment Bank (EIB) Group's accountability mechanism in addressing public concerns related to EIB-financed projects and activities. With 113 cases handled and 80 closed in 2024 - a 33% increase from the...

An intriguing question regarding the relationship between international financial institutions (IFIs) and their Latin American borrowers concerns how and why regime type influences the degree to which the parties are prepared to sign loan agreements. Some scholars highlight a 'democratic...

Project Promissa showed that paper-based promissory notes, used to manage countries' financial commitments to multilateral development banks, can be redesigned using distributed ledger technology to address operational challenges and improve efficiency. Project Promissa explores how to make the...

Sobre la propuesta de una definición de funciones centrales de la banca de desarrollo (financiar proyectos públicos y privados en las áreas económica, social y ambiental identificadas en su visión estratégica; proporcionar financiación a las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas; contribuir...

Blended finance is central to development finance, catalyzing private capital alongside public resources to address global challenges in developing countries. Despite its growing importance, empirical evidence on its ability to leverage private lenders' credit supply remains limited. This paper...

This year's EIB Group Activities in EU Cohesion Regions report focuses on the importance of building inclusive communities. This report analyses the EIB Group's activity in cohesion regions in 2023, with particular emphasis on targeted social investments in key systemic enablers in those...

The EIB Group Compliance Activity Report for 2023 describes the EIB Group Compliance Functions' organisational set-up, activities, ongoing work to further strengthen the policy framework and the management of the risks under their remit. It also describes the EIB Compliance Function's foreseen...

This year's EIB Group Activities in EU Cohesion Regions report focuses on the importance of building inclusive communities. This report analyses the EIB Group's activity in cohesion regions in 2023, with particular emphasis on targeted social investments in key systemic enablers in those...

The Sustainability Report for 2023 outlines how the EIB is the climate bank and how we work hard to help clients reach their green goals. Climate change is the big challenge of our generation. The European Investment Bank is helping the world meet this challenge by bringing down emissions in...

This report offers a detailed analysis of the European Investment Bank Group's greenhouse gas emissions from its head office operations in Luxembourg for 2023. It includes a comparative performance review against 2022 and the baseline year of 2018, based on data adhering to the World Resources...

This year's EIB Group Activities in EU Cohesion Regions report focuses on the importance of building inclusive communities. This report analyses the EIB Group's activity in cohesion regions in 2023, with particular emphasis on targeted social investments in key systemic enablers in those...

Covering EIB Global's activities in 2023, this annual report shows how these activities are aligned with EU priorities and initiatives in different regions. It details the results and impact achieved by EIB Global's activities and provides an update on how the Bank is improving its mode of...

This report lays out the European Investment Bank's public policy goals and details its investments in the projects that support them. It provides a breakdown of all projects signed in 2023 within the European Union and beyond. The report tracks our investment in different sectors in each EU...

The European economy is under pressure. Growth is slowing and competitive challenges are rising, all while EU firms navigate the demands of the green transition. Coordinated support from national governments and EU institutions proved critical after the COVID-19 pandemic, helping Europe to...

The European economy is under pressure. Growth is slowing and competitive challenges are rising, all while EU firms navigate the demands of the green transition. Coordinated support from national governments and EU institutions proved critical after the COVID-19 pandemic, helping Europe to...

Discover key insights from the Investment barriers report 2023, an authoritative assessment by the European Investment Bank Group on investment hurdles in the European Union. The report underscores the pivotal role of investment in the economy while meticulously detailing the constraints that...

As the largest and greenest multilateral lender in the world, the EIB helps economies flourish, creates jobs and promotes equality. Since 1958, the EIB has provided loans and expert advice for thousands of projects in over 160 countries.

Covering EIB Global's activities in 2023, this annual report shows how these activities are aligned with EU priorities and initiatives in different regions. It details the results and impact achieved by EIB Global's activities and provides an update on how the Bank is improving its mode of...