Although it was initiated by the Allies as a kind of compromise in an Anglo-American dispute over banking policy in occupied Germany, and was thus an Allied creation, the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) was soon to be called "a characteristic German institution". This was because of the...

The paper deals with the role played by the Istituto Mobiliare Italiano, a public credit institution created in 1931 to finance industrial investment, as an instrument for the State intervention in the Italian economy, especially in the 25 years after the World War II. In particular, the IMI was...

The purpose of this article is to briefly present the actions taken in Romania's economic transition from a centralized to a market economy and to explain why and where it went wrong. Wrong decisions taken in the transition process will be highlighted, while noting that measures to implement...

This paper estimates the nature and magnitude of the local externalities from own industry scale, as envisioned by Marshall. Census panel data on individual plants in high-tech and machinery industries across up to 487 countries are utilized, to quantify the direct effects of local external...

Die Corona-Pandemie trifft die Welt mit multiplen Angebots- und Nachfrageschocks zugleich. Das gab es in dieser Breite, Heftigkeit und Schnelligkeit noch nie. Eine schnelle Rückkehr auf die vorherigen Wachstumsspuren ist in allen Weltregionen nicht zu erwarten. Im Jahr 2020 wird die globale...

Die Coronakrise kann eine schwere globale Depression nach sich ziehen. Historische Beispiele zeigen, wie gefährlich ökonomische und politische Verwerfungen dann sein könnten. Bereits jetzt ist erkennbar, dass die derzeitigen Instrumente zur Bekämpfung der Krise zeitlich begrenzt sein...

Der Beitrag beschreibt und bewertet die wirtschafspolitische Maßnahmen, die auf EU-Ebene als Reaktion auf die Coronapandemie beschlossen wurden oder sich noch in politischen Beratungen befinden. Die EZB hat schnell reagiert, die Liquiditätsunterstützung massiv ausgeweitet und die Regeln für...

Der Beitrag beschreibt und bewertet die wirtschafspolitische Maßnahmen, die auf EU-Ebene als Reaktion auf die Coronapandemie beschlossen wurden oder sich noch in politischen Beratungen befinden. Die EZB hat schnell reagiert, die Liquiditätsunterstützung massiv ausgeweitet und die Regeln für...

Beginning in 2003, diverse and significant actors, both domestic and international, engaged in reconstruction activities in Iraq. The total budget committed to Iraq’s reconstruction was unprecedented among postconflict operations mobilized by the international community. Despite the vast sums...

"Ukraine was liberated from German wartime occupation by 1944 but remained prisoner to its consequences for much longer. In this long aftermath of war, local Soviet authorities in Ukraine challenged central authorities in post-WWII Ukraine over land, food and power for the sake of rebuilding...

The Marshall Plan (1948-1952) was the largest aid transfer in history. This paper estimates its effects on Italy's postwar economic development. It exploits differences between Italian provinces in the value of reconstruction grants they received. Provinces that could modernize more their...

Long-Term Transition of Population and National Land System -- Transformation Processes of National Land Systems and Reconstruction Policy from a Spatial Economics Perspective -- Process of Recovery from the Great East Japan Earthquake with Pictures and Data -- Population Decline and Creative...

Das Buch entwickelt die Vision eines europäisch-afrikanischen Wirtschaftsraums mit riesigem Potenzial, der basierend auf den Prinzipien der sozialen Marktwirtschaft - auch im Eigeninteresse Europas - Wachstum und Stabilität in Afrika fördert und die Armut beseitigt. Rezension: Die Zeiten der...

What was the role of the European Recovery Program (ERP)/Marshall Plan for the development of European tourism after the Second World War? The fragmentary excerpts from the national results of tourism history and the Marshall Plan have clearly shown the potential of a synthesized...

"On March 12th 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) declared the spreading of the new virus, 2019-nCoV, a pandemic. In Asia, the virus, more commonly referred to as COVID-19, has been spreading since the end of December. To contain the public health threat, almost all countries enforced a...

Martin Bronfenbrenner (1914-1997) was an American economist who was conversant with Japanese counterparts and well informed in Japan’s economics and economy. This paper aims to examine how he managed to communicate with Japanese economists when he visited Japan (three times) during the period...

The Afghan Economy : An Historical Overview / Peter Marsden -- Locality and Power : A Methodological Approach to Afghan Rural Politics / Sayed Asef Hossaini -- Women and Economic Development in Post Conflict Afghanistan : Learning from other Muslim Nations / Nicole B. Dhanraj, Hilary...