The main purpose of this study is to assess the effect of current public expenditure on education and human capital on economic growth in Central America between 1992 and 2021. In this context, data on education spending and human capital for Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and...

Attaining education sustainability is indeed important as it ensures the overall economic sustainability of countries and it is directly connected with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-4). However, the literature evidence on the determinants of education sustainability is...

This study examines the efficiency and productivity of public education expenditure in 20 countries using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the Malmquist Productivity Index over the period 2011-2023. Focusing on science and mathematics performance at the primary and lower-secondary levels, the...

Decline in the school-age population due to demographic changes presents an opportunity to redirect resources within the education sector to improve access and quality. However, the experiences of countries that have gone through similar demographic transitions show that a shrinking student...

This paper characterizes optimal education and population policies within a continuous-time overlapping generations (OLG) framework where fertility, schooling duration, and health expenditures are endogenous. In this model, mortality risk is driven by a negative congestion effect from population...

There has been considerable recent debate about the terms of 'Plan 2' student loans, which were issued to 11 cohorts of English undergraduate university students: those who started their courses between academic years 2012/13 and 2022/23.1 We have written before about how these student loans...

Public services play an important role in supporting households' well-being and their members' life chances. This is especially true for low- and middle-income households, for whom the in-kind services received represent a larger share of overall consumption and for whom equivalent private...

Public services play an important role in supporting households' well-being and their residents' life chances. This is especially true for low- and middle-income households, for whom the in-kind services received represent a larger share of overall consumption, and for whom equivalent private...

Ab dem Schuljahr 2029/2030 wird dieser dann in allen Jahrgangsstufen der Grundschulen gelten. Sämtliche ostdeutschen Länder und Hamburg werden diesen ohne weiteren Ausbau ihrer Betreuungsinfrastrukturen erfüllen können. Zwar gibt es hier noch kleine Lücken zwischen den von den Eltern...

Do public investments in compulsory schooling translate into the same long-run economic gains for all? Using a large intergovernmental transfer reform in Norway that mechanically shifted municipal school revenues based on pre-reform student age structure, I estimate the long-run impacts of...

This paper examines whether Ghana's education reforms have increased intergenerational education mobility. Using the newly constructed Ghana Education and Labour Series-a harmonized dataset combining multiple rounds of the Ghana Living Standards Survey-we track intergenerational education...

This paper examines the impact of tuition subsidies on tertiary education outcomes in a setting where financial barriers are already substantially reduced. We study the introduction of New Zealand's Fees-Free policy, which eliminated first-year tuition fees, in a system where tuition is financed...

School districts across the U.S. have adopted funding policies designed to distribute resources more equitably across schools. However, schools are also increasing external fundraising efforts to supplement district budget allocations. We document the interaction between funding policies and...

At just under £8 billion, spending on schools and childcare is the second-largest area of public service spending in Scotland, behind spending on health. While councils rather than the Scottish Government itself determine how much to spend on schools, they do so in the context of a funding and...

To achieve their national and international education goals, many countries need to invest more and better in their education systems. During the last decade, total education spending by governments, households, and donors globally has increased steadily, but this has not led to significant...

Using the Timor-Leste Survey of Living Standards, we show that the household education spending on girls was higher than for boys in the period following independence. This pattern contrasts with that in the neighboring and politically interrelated country of Indonesia. We explore how religious...

Digital technologies are increasingly important for delivering inclusive, resilient, and high-quality education, yet financing their effective deployment remains a key constraint in many low- and middle-income countries). This paper examines the scale of investment needed to achieve universal...

This study examines how national public funding and macroeconomic conditions affect higher education performance, measured by graduation rates. A panel dataset covering 2013-2022 and ten Lithuanian public universities integrates economic, financial, and institutional variables. Lithuania applies...

The upcoming Spending Review will involve some very difficult decisions on public service spending, with virtually no headroom against the government's fiscal rules. The government has set out plans for overall departmental spending to grow by about 1.2% per year in real terms between 2025-26...

Educational outcomes in Belgium are comparable to peers but achieved at a higher cost. The public wage bill for education is higher than in peers, reflecting smaller student-to-teacher ratios and less teaching time. Yet, Belgium experiences teacher shortages. Reforms should aim at increasing the...

As college attainment expanded in the U.S., the fraction of public funds allocated to selective colleges and universities declined. Does this make sense from an efficiency standpoint, given that the majority of college entrants face the highest financial returns at selective colleges? Should the...

This paper gauges public spending efficiency on human and physical capital formation using non-parametric methods. Input-inefficiency and output-inefficiency are scored across 195 countries using 2010-2020 data. The consistent methodology allows within-country comparison of efficiency across...

Higher education (HE) funding mechanisms in the European Union (EU) are undergoing substantial reform, with universities facing increasing pressure to improve performance outcomes under constrained public budgets. This study analyses how the design of HE funding mechanisms-specifically, the...

One of the essential preconditions for economic development across various sectors is education, which plays a significant role in fostering economic growth. This article examines the impact of educational expenditures on the effectiveness of factors influencing industrial value added in Iran...

The Post-16 Education and Skills White Paper sets out the government's proposals for how England's post-16 education and skills system should be organised, governed and funded. It brings together a wide range of policies across further and higher education, including curriculum reform, changes...

Croatia’s public spending efficiency in education and healthcare can be increased. Increased efficiency would free fiscal resources that could be used for fiscal savings and/or improved outcomes. This would require reforms such as consolidating schools, increasing instructional hours, revising...

The paper benchmarks Ireland’s public spending efficiency to peer countries in infrastructure, health, and education using a variety of indicators and maps the efficiency frontiers in these sectors using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. It finds that while Ireland is at the...

This study explores the relevance of education in reducing poverty in Egypt's rural and urban areas.The study applies the logistic model to Analyse Household Income Expenditure survey data.The results indicate that spending on education in urban regions is higher than in rural areas. Second, the...