Kenya has one of the fastest electrification rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the increase in electrification rates, rural and underserved regions remain a critical challenge requiring a cost-effective strategy that maximises the use of stand-alone and off-grid solutions. This paper uses the...

With the liberalization of the electricity markets in 1998, Germany opted for a single, nationwide wholesale price. Regional differences in supply and demand are not taken into account. In the event of grid congestion, electricity generators are paid to adjust their output. This leads to rising...

Rural electrification plays a crucial role in improving the socioeconomic conditions of underserved communities by enabling extended productive hours, enhancing access to education, and empowering women. However, conventional grid extension is often economically unfeasible for remote areas due...

The aim of this paper is to analyze the spatial effect of regulatory regimes on the supply of electricity service in Sub-Saharan Africa. A spatial Durbin model (SDM) is used on data from 40 countries between 2000 and 2022. Our assessment focuses on how regulatory regimes affect energy losses,...

This study employs the Open-Source Spatial Electrification Tool (OnSSET) to identify the least-cost technology options, investment requirements, and capacity needed to electrify all unelectrified communities in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Based on OnSSET modelling, the total number of unelectrified...

Electrification typically promotes economic development and enhances household wellbeing. However, how electrification affects the economic activities of different demographic groups is not yet sufficiently understood. Focusing only on aggregate household-level outcomes may overlook unequal...

The European Union is on a pathway to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. This report explores the historic and necessary efforts to align Europe's electricity, heating and transport systems with transformative EU benchmarks for 2030 to meet that longer-term goal. CO2 emissions have declined...

This study investigates how credit to firms responds to an energy price shock by comparing the credit growth of similar firms with different energy intensities before and after the shock triggered by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Credit growth of energy-intensive firms declined by 8.75...

This paper studies how windfalls from agriculture influence demand for electrification in a developing country. Leveraging two decades of administrative data on the universe of electricity grid customers in Rwanda, and plausibly exogenous variations in international coffee prices, we document...

Heterogeneous interconnections, which link regulated electricity markets to liberalised ones, are becoming increasingly important. Several such interconnections are set to be established in the near future especially between European and North African countries (e.g., Tunisia-Italy,...

This study evaluates the socio-economic impact of rural electrification through photovoltaic (PV) systems in Morocco. As part of the country's broader energy transition strategy, decentralized renewable energy solutions like PV kits have been deployed to improve energy access in isolated rural...

Change ownership reforms for electric cooperatives (ECs) have once again attracted policymakers' interest due to current e!orts in expediting their privatization. This note serves as input to this ongoing conversation using the lens of competition. We argue that unchecked consolidation -...

This study examines the structural, regulatory, and institutional challenges facing the power transmission sector in the Philippines amid rapidly rising electricity demand and comparatively slow grid expansion. While electricity consumption grew by about 140 percent from 2003 to 2024,...

Access to electricity remains a significant developmental challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa. To address this, national electrification planning must account for both the temporal evolution and spatial heterogeneity of electricity demand, reflecting local socioeconomic realities and climatic...

Increasing electricity access remains a challenge, particularly in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines the case of Tanzania, where rural connection rates remain low even among households residing “under the grid”, and this despite substantial government subsidies for...

The Second Rural Electrification Project in Peru created direct jobs in rural electrification and promoted productive uses of electricity. While it had a positive impact on income and job quality, gender diversity in the workforce was limited, and the net effect on employment due to...

The Solar Hybrid Mini Grids for Rural Economic Development component of the Nigeria Electrification Project created direct and indirect employment opportunities across various skill levels in Nigeria. The project contributed to local economic growth, gender diversity, and the expansion of small...

The general objective of the study is first to provide the Commission with input that is relevant for identifying the barriers for demand-response participation in electricity markets and State aid support. Then, data about the costs and revenues of demand-response in electricity markets and...

We analyze the relationship between household electricity access and off-farm employment of women and men in rural Africa, using primary survey data from Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania, and Zambia. Estimating regression models, we find that access to electricity is positively associated with women's...

Over the past decade, digitalisation has gained significant attention across various European Union (EU) policy areas, particularly in the energy sector. Along with this, digitalisation can contribute to higher energy security and sustainability of the EU energy systems especially by reducing...