We study how individual inventors respond to incentives to work on "clean" electricity technologies. Using natural gas price variation, we estimate output and entry elasticities of inventors and measure the medium-term impacts of a price increase mirroring the social cost of carbon. We find that...

This report by the Clean Energy Technology Observatory (CETO) provides an updated strategic analysis of the EU clean energy technology sector. The EU's renewable share in gross final energy consumption rose to 24.5% in 2023, and to 44.7% of gross electricity consumption. The electrification rate...

Global efforts to keep the rise in average temperatures within 1.5 degree Celsius are falling short. To achieve this goal, more extensive decarbonization measures are necessary across all sectors of the economy. Clean hydrogen is hydrogen that is produced using methods that result in limited or...

With its potential to provide a clean, abundant, and cost-competitive source of electricity, wind power is playing an increasingly important role in powering homes, industries, and transportation systems. To support the growth of the wind energy sector and enhance the competitiveness of the EU,...

As decarbonisation efforts accelerate globally, the role of large-scale underground storage for energy and climate-related gases – natural gas, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide – is becoming increasingly important. While the demand for natural gas as a transition fuel is expected to rise at...

This study examines the impacts of enhancing technology progress in clean energy technologies on the global energy system and economy. The analysis focuses on eight thematic technology groups, including wind, solar, batteries, hydrogen and fuel cells, carbon capture, direct air capture and...

This Clean Energy Technology Observatory report analyses the current status and development trends of solar thermal energy, including both concentrated solar power (CSP) and solar heat for buildings, district heating, and industrial processes. While CSP has developed to a commercial scale, up to...

This report provides an update on the state of the art of heat pump technology, including its application in buildings, industry, and district heating and cooling. It presents installed capacity, sales and projections, and an analysis of research and development trends. It also discusses EU...

This report provides an overview of the current status, value chains and market positions of carbon capture utilisation and storage (CCUS) technologies in the EU as well as globally. In 2023, the CCUS industry experienced unprecedented growth globally, with all the projects under development...

This report is an output of the Clean Energy Technology Observatory (CETO). CETO's objective is to provide an evidence-based analysis feeding the policy making process and hence increasing the effectiveness of R&I policies for clean energy technologies and solutions. It monitors EU research and...

This report is an output of the Clean Energy Technology Observatory (CETO) and is an update of the "Water electrolysis and hydrogen in the European Union" 2023 CETO report. CETO's objective is to provide an evidence-based analysis feeding the policy making process and hence increasing the...

Ocean energy has been acknowledged in the context of the European Energy Union as a fundamental research and development priority to achieve the 2050 climate objectives. The European Green Deal, which aims to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent, included ocean energy in the...

The aim of this report is to provide an update of the state of the art of wind energy technology. This includes utility-scale onshore and offshore wind and, when available, selected findings on technologies at a lower maturity level. Research and development trends are analysed, focussing...

As part of the Clean Energy Technology Observatory (CETO), this report on Photovoltaics (PV) is built on three sections: the technology state of the art, future developments and trends, the value chain analysis and the EU position and global competitiveness. PV is the fastest-growing source of...

This report investigates the status and trend of Renewable Fuels of Non-Biological Origin (RFNBO), except hydrogen, which are needed to cover part of the EU's demand for low carbon renewable fuels in the coming years. The report is an update of the CETO 2023 report. Most of the conversion...

This report is an output of the Clean Energy Technology Observatory (CETO), and provides an evidence-based analysis of the overall battery landscape to support the EU policy making process. It is part of the series of reports on clean energy technologies needed for the delivery of the European...

Published on the occasion of the 2024 Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET Plan) conference in Budapest, Hungary, this report highlights the SET Plan's role in coordinating EU and national research and innovation (R&I) agendas for the development and deployment of efficient and cost competitive...

Published on the occasion of the 2024 Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET Plan) conference in Budapest, Hungary, this report highlights the SET Plan's role in coordinating EU and national research and innovation (R&I) agendas for the development and deployment of efficient and cost competitive...

This annual CETO report provides an overview of technological trends and market issues on selected topics regarding the electricity grid and the "smart grid of the future". The analysis this year focuses on grid infrastructure, since the physical grid assets are increasingly being recognized as...

This report is part of the 2024 Clean Energy Technology Observatory series and is focusing on smart thermal networks within the European Union. It provides an overview of the current status, emerging trends, and the potential of this sector integration technology. Smart thermal networks...

This report analyses the technology status, value chain and markets of energy storage technologies which are considered 'novel'. While most of the technologies covered are still in the research phase and therefore fall into the novel category, some classic energy storage technologies are also...

The report provides a detailed examination of the bioenergy sector within the European Union (EU), highlighting its significance in the global context and its role in the transition towards a low-carbon economy. The report is an update of the CETO 2023 report. The report offers insights into the...

The report provides a detailed examination of the biofuel sector and advanced biofuel sector within the European Union (EU), focusing on its economic, environmental, and technological dimensions. The report is an update of the CETO 2023 report. The EU is highlighted as the central point of view,...

The EU's geothermal energy sector, although small, has considerable potential to support the bloc's energy transition. This annual update report highlights the status of both power and direct heat applications, covering technology development, value chains, and markets. Despite being a...

This report describes the POTEnCIA CETO 2024 Scenario, which showcases how the deep decarbonisation of the EU's energy system can be achieved from an energy technology perspective in alignment with the general objectives of the European Climate Law. The scenario has been modelled using the...

The solar energy industry encompasses all activities related to the development, production, and deployment of solar energy technologies. This includes the manufacturing of solar panels (photovoltaic or PV panels), the development of solar thermal systems, the installation of solar systems on...

The EU has ambitious plans to become a hub of clean tech manufacturing. However, this is easier said than done, given China's dominance over clean tech supply chains. To regain the crown of industrial innovation, the EU must focus on the technologies of tomorrow. Perovskite solar cells,...

The EU has ambitious plans to become a hub of clean tech manufacturing. However, this is easier said than done, given China's dominance over clean tech supply chains. To regain the crown of industrial innovation, the EU must focus on the technologies of tomorrow. Perovskite solar cells,...

Wind energy is defined as a key renewable energy source that harnesses the power of wind to generate electricity. This is achieved through the use of wind turbines, which can be installed onshore or offshore. Wind energy plays a crucial role in the EU's strategy to achieve its renewable energy...

Energy-efficient biomass cookstoves and small solar systems play a vital role in the transition to clean energy. Despite their affordability and scalability, their uptake remains low among households in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper examines the potential contribution of individual-specific...

Low carbon hydrogen (whether based on renewable or nuclear electricity, or fossil fuels with carbon capture) is a means to decarbonise sectors of the economy which are hard to electrify. Its business model is heavily dependent on government intervention (e.g. mandatory targets, subsidies,...

The revolutionary journey of clean technology over the last ten years is described in this study, which also identifies the key innovations that have changed the face of sustainability and helped us move toward a cleaner, greener future. The study delves deeply into several clean technology...

Hydrogen energy systems (HES) are increasingly recognized as pivotal in cutting global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, especially in transportation, power generation, and industrial sectors. This paper offers a comprehensive review of HES, emphasizing their diverse applications and economic...

In 2022, process heat was responsible for about two-thirds of industrial greenhouse gas emissions. Any transformation toward a climate-friendly industry also requires a successful heat transition by converting process heat to CO2-neutral energy sources. At present, this is only taking place in...

Climate change is driving the need for new approaches to energy production and utilization globally, contributing to the mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Low-emission hydrogen is recognized as a key energy vector for decarbonization, and numerous countries are currently evaluating...