Scholarly literature abounds with the exposition of the role of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) in enhancing or reducing global economic welfare, specifically in the context of the WTO. However, the bulk of it is written by economists and predominantly confined to economic analysis....

The international commercial terms (incoterms) are important documents for exporters and importers in minimizing risks during a series of international trades so that rights and obligations are still implemented. Various incoterms documents have their respective functions. The involvement of...

The set of rules governing passing of risk under the 1980 Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) has been heavily criticized for its inadequacy in certain occasions, However parties of a contract of sale can choose to deviate from the provisions of the Convention by drafting...

This Article defines usage, as that term is used in the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), in order to consider whether the ICC’s definitions for common delivery terms set forth in the ICC publication Incoterms should be characterized as usage for purposes...

The importance of the institutional dimensions to international trade law over the last decades is brought to light in this volume of previously published articles. The collection focuses on the World Trade Organization (WTO), the most important institution in international trade, and includes a...

The ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) has attempted to replace the current FOB (Free On Board) terms with FCA (Free Carrier) since Incoterms 1990. As the delivery of goods in se almoaborne container cargos is completed inland and not on board the vessel, problems can occur regarding the...

The United States (US) and the European Union (EU) include several environmental clauses in their respective preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Building on an exhaustive and fine-grained dataset of PTAs environmental clauses, this article makes two contributions. First, it show that the US...

The article helps in understanding Incoterms, especially the aspect of "transfer of risk and responsibilities" of the Buyer and Seller in an International Trade transaction. Sometimes the costs associated with an Incoterms may lead to a “false impression” about the responsibilities of your...

Dieses Buch führt in die Grundlagen und Praxis von Handelsklauseln ein. Am Beispiel der Incoterms® 2020 zeigt es, wie Unternehmen ihre Verträge im globalen Handel mit der Wahl geeigneter Handelsklauseln geschickt gestalten können. Unterschiedliche Gepflogenheiten und Missverständnisse...

A fundamental question in contracts that involve the delivery of merchandise is the moment at which the risks inherent to it are transferred. In the international system, business customs consecrated standardized clauses by means of which the contracting parties define the time of that transfer....

The primary objective of most trade agreements is to restrain members' use of trade policies for protectionist purposes. But it would be pointless to restrict the application of border instruments without regulating the possible use of domestic policies for protectionist purpose. To this end,...

The very definition of "preferential trade agreements" (PTAs) channels our almost exclusive attention to the relation between PTAs and the WTO. Successive PTAs between the same countries -- which we call "double PTAs" -- have largely escaped legal scrutiny. Think of the United States and Mexico...

This chapter reviews the several ways that bilateral and regional trade agreements regulate environmental and labour standards and human rights. It divides these into provisions granting the parties rights to adopt protective measures in the form of exceptions and conflicts provisions and...

The conclusion of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) ninth ministerial meeting — held in Bali 3-7 December 2013 — is at one and the same time momentous, marginal, and business-as-usual. It is momentous because it marks the first multilateral agreement reached in the WTO since the...

The latin adage 'ubi commercium, ibi jus' reflects the insight that the efficiency of markets and trade depend on legal guarantees of market freedoms (such as freedom of contract, property rights), legal security (e.g. as incentive for investments and division of labour) and on legal limitations...

Although the costs associated with the international transport and insurance of merchandise trade are an important determinant of the volume and geography of international trade, remarkably little (official) data exist. Combining the largest and most detailed cross-country sample of official...

The Ministry of Trade (MoT) of Republic of Indonesia has requested the support of the World Bank in devising new and improve trade related policies for the benefit of the Indonesian economy. The MoT - with the help of the World Bank - has identified a number of areas where there is a needto fill...

his article addresses the phenomenon of document discrepancies in international trade financing as a significant worldwide issue resulting in unnecessary delays, refused payments, and financial loss when banks discover discrepancies in required trade finance documents presented under the...

Introduction / Simon Lester and Bryan Mercurio -- The economics of PTAs / Pravin Krishna -- Political economy of PTAs / Olivier Cattaneo -- Bilateral versus plurilateral PTAs / David Evans -- Legal Requirements for PTAs under the WTO / Andrew D. Mitchell and Nicolas J.S. Lockhart -- PTAs and...

The trend for PTAs to include formal legal processes for dispute settlement raises many interesting issues. This paper focuses on three central questions: (a) To what extent can dispute settlement under PTAs be characterised as diplomatic and political rather than legal? (b) Why is there an...

chapter 1 Role of Contracts in Global Trade -- chapter 2 Freight, Logistics, and the Global Supply Chain -- chapter 3 Incoterms: Foundation of Global Trade -- chapter WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT INCOTERMS TO OBTAIN BETTER COMMERCIAL ADVANTAGES -- chapter INCOTERM MEMBER COUNTRIES -- chapter...

The Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations was suspended for almost six months in 2006. The purpose of this paper is to ask what scholars can learn about the political economy of reciprocal trade liberalisation from this suspension. Specifically, four potential explanations for this...

"This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the use of safeguards in a trade agreement. It then analyzes the available data on the use of safeguards by WTO members to examine two hypotheses in the economics literature, that safeguards improve welfare by facilitating tariff...

This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the use of safeguards in a trade agreement. It then analyzes the available data on the use of safeguards by WTO members to examine two hypotheses in the economics literature, that safeguards improve welfare by facilitating tariff...