Regulatory sandboxes have emerged as policy instruments designed to support FinTech innovation while maintaining supervisory oversight. By allowing firms to test financial products in controlled environments, sandboxes aim to reduce regulatory uncertainty and facilitate market entry. Despite...

We calibrate a lifecycle portfolio-choice model of homeowners facing uninsurable income risk to show that tax deductions for mortgage interest payments and voluntary pension contributions have sizable effects on household portfolios and macroprudential risks. The deductions reduce the after-tax...

We calibrate a lifecycle portfolio-choice model of homeowners facing uninsurable income risk to show that tax deductions for mortgage interest payments and voluntary pension contributions have sizable effects on household portfolios and macroprudential risks. The deductions reduce the after-tax...

This study examines the systemic operational risk in Morocco's banking sector using a Panel VAR model based on data from three banks over ten years. The model includes real GDP, interbank rate (TMP), and bank credit, alongside indicators of operational, credit, and liquidity risks. The Impulse...

Physical climate risks can have a large regional impact, which can influence mortgage loans' credit risk and should be priced by the lenders. Motivated by the relevance of climate change for financial intermediaries, our paper aims at analysing if physical climate risks are being reflected in...

The European Union needs a single market for capital. Well-developed and integrated capital markets are necessary to support economic growth and resilience across the region, while offering benefits for businesses, households and financial stability. This paper examines the importance of the CMU...

Since 2014, several countries have implemented the Basel III countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB) to enhance the banking sector's resilience against risks arising from excessive credit growth. We analyze the CCyB decision-making process of macroprudential authorities across Europe. Our findings...

This study investigates the dynamic relationship between interest and noninterest income at Azer Turk Bank using quarterly data from 2016Q1-2024Q3. Unit root tests including Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS), and Fourier-KPSS indicate that both variables are...

In this paper, we revisit the scope for macroprudential policy in production economies with pecuniary externalities and collateral constraints. We study competitive equilibria and constrained-efficient equilibria and examine the extent to which the gap between the two depends on the production...

We propose a macroprudential theory of foreign reserve accumulation that can rationalize the secular trends in public and private international capital flows. In middle-income countries, the increase in international reserves has been associated with elevated private capital inflows, both in the...

Macroprudential policies are a key policy tool for financial regulators, but concerns persist that these policies restrict access to homeownership. I examine this concern using crosscountry data on homeownership for 28 countries. I find little evidence that macroprudential policies reduce...

This paper investigates the effectiveness of macroprudential policy across different phases of macro-financial cycles. Utilizing a panel threshold vector autoregression (PT-VAR) model, the study evaluates the asymmetric impacts of capital-based and borrower-based regulatory tools under varying...

This paper argues that the European macroprudential regime has evolved into a complex architecture of buffers, national discretion, and instrument-specific controls due to persistent doubts regarding the credibility of the EU bank resolution regime. Moreover, macroprudential controls are...

This paper examines the interplay between macroprudential policy, monetary policy and the non-bank financial intermediation (NBFI) sector, drawing on recent research and zooming in particularly on evidence from the euro area.2 It documents the growth in the NBFI sector over the past two decades...

We study real estate lending responses to tighter macroprudential policy (MPP) in the form of lower required loan-to-value (LTV) ratios. Contract details of 2.4 million mortgage loans originated between 2008 and 2020 reveal significantly fewer new loan issuances in response to contractionary...

The report examines how central banks, financial regulators and supervisory authorities are using AI for policy purposes. They regularly work with vast data sets and complex decision-making processes to safeguard monetary and financial stability and ensure the integrity of payment systems. New,...

We study the effects of movements in aggregate lending standards on macroeconomic aggregates and inequality. We show in a New Keynesian model with heterogeneous households and housing that a looser loan-to-value (LTV) ratio stimulates housing demand, nondurable consumption, and output. Our model...

The withdrawal of public sector intervention from Malta's housing market commenced in the early 1990s, while financial markets were liberalised in 1994. These developments were likely behind the significant expansion in credit and house price appreciation experienced over the past two decades,...

We study the effects of movements in aggregate lending standards on macroeconomic aggregates and inequality. We show in a New Keynesian model with heterogeneous households and housing that a looser loan-to-value (LTV) ratio stimulates housing demand, nondurable consumption, and output. Our model...

The growing role of nonbanks in corporate credit intermediation raises important but underexplored questions about how both monetary policy (MP) and macroprudential policies (MaPP) affect lending and the real economy. Using syndicated loan data, we examine the joint impact of MP and MaPP shocks...

This technical note focuses on macroprudential policy framework and tools as part of the Slovak Republic's Financial Sector Assessment Program. The institutional framework for macroprudential policy in Slovakia aligns broadly with the IMF guidance for effective macroprudential policymaking. The...

The IMF Caribbean Regional Technical Assistance Centre (CARTAC) conducted a technical assistance (TA) mission in Curaçao and Sint Maarten from October 3 to October 12, 2023. The mission aimed to support the Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten (CBCS) in enhancing its Financial Stability...