This paper explores the relationship between animal welfare and economic outcomes in agriculture, focusing on whether improvements in animal welfare translate into better farm performance. Specifically, it examines a composite animal welfare index integrating multiple animal-based indicators and...

A structural shift from fossil fuel-based energy systems to renewable, sustainable energy sources critically depends on research and development (R&D) activities at the firm-level. This study examines the contribution of R&D spillovers from other firms to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in...

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly evolving and has the potential to reshape the job landscape across a broad range of skills and sectors. While most Finns will benefit from AI adoption, one-fifth of the workforce is at risk of job displacement. Women, highly educated workers, and...

Since the 2023 downturn, the economic recovery has been slow as consumption has remained weak and construction investment fell. Unemployment continued to increase, largely driven by expanding labor supply, while inflation remained contained at around 2 percent. The economy is set to regain...

We examine the impact of generative AI on the youth labor market in Finland by replicating the key analyses of Brynjolfsson et al. (2025) with comprehensive population-level data. Contrary to the US findings, we find no systematic displacement effects linked to AI exposure among youth in...

This paper analyses the macroeconomic differences between the Nordic countries (Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland) and the Anglo-Saxon countries (USA, UK, Canada, and Australia), focusing on the evolution of GDP, the policy rate, and inflation. Furthermore, financial market performance was...

While mainstream macroeconomics has long treated distributional issues as secondary, often dismissing them as outside the purview of monetary policy, the post-Keynesian tradition emphasizes that income distribution, financial positions, and class dynamics are central to understanding...

This paper describes the framework used by the Bank of Finland to assess the cost competitiveness of the Finnish economy. We discuss the conceptual foundations, data choices, and methodological trade-offs involved in constructing commonly used indicators, with particular emphasis on...

This paper explores post-pandemic developments and analyses post-COVID matching dynamics in the Nordic labour markets. It also discusses the role of institutions and the policies implemented to address labour market mismatch in the region. The COVID-19 pandemic brought about a recession, with a...

Background Healthcare expenditures have risen in middle- and high-income countries. One of the potential contributors is the overuse of diagnostics. I explore whether medical imaging is overused when privately owned clinics in Finland treat patients with voluntary private health insurance...

Background Within Finland's breast cancer screening program, all women aged 50-69 are invited to biennial screening. Current European guidelines recommend screening in ages 45-49 and 70-74 conditional upon, inter alia, demonstrated context-specific cost-effectiveness. This study aims to...

This report contains a case study for the Study supporting the Impact assessment of the future European Social Fund proposal. Achieving structural change: conditions for success in the areas of ESF intervention. The reform under assessment focuses on the 2015 pension reform in Finland, and...

The economy has begun to recover from the 2023 recession, but the strength of the rebound is hindered by still weak construction investment and tepid growth among trading partners. Falling energy prices and weak domestic demand have temporarily reduced inflation below 2 percent. The economic...

Policymakers, public commentators, and researchers often cite the Nordic countries as examples of a social and economic model that successfully combines low income inequality with prosperity and growth. This article aims to critically assess this claim by integrating theoretical perspectives and...

This study examines the relationship between immigration and firmlevel innovation in the Finnish manufacturing sector. The analysis leverages unique matched data, including employees' immigration status, firm-level patenting, process and product innovation activities, and innovation inputs...

Using a shift-share instrument, I study inflows of foreign-background immigrants to Finland and estimate how immigration affects natives' earnings at various points of the income distribution. My point estimates for the earnings effects of immigration are negative and statistically significant...

Russia apparently aims to be capable of attacking targets in the Baltic Sea region from Lake Ladoga, which is located north of Saint Petersburg and only 40 kilometres from the Finnish border. Since 2023, Russia has been evaluating the deployment of corvettes equipped with cruise missiles there....

Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine marked the start of a prolonged confrontation between Moscow and Europe - one that is fundamentally reshaping the parameters of European security. The return of Donald Trump to the White House and his stated intent to quickly end the war in Ukraine and put...

This paper examines how firms' environmental performance responds to product- and destination-specific export demand shocks in their export markets. We draw on unique administrative data for Finnish manufacturing firms from 1999 to 2018, matched with national customs records, greenhouse gas...

This report examines the factors shaping productivity in Finland's private service industries. Specifically, we focus on the link between capital intensity and labor productivity, as well as the allocation of labor. In addition, the report highlights the roles of global megatrends, such as...

Purpose: This study examined how vocational education and training (VET) students' satisfaction of basic psychological needs in VET learning environments, namely autonomy, competence, and relatedness, is related to their burnout and intention to leave VET. Self- Determination Theory was employed...

In Finland, the preparation and implementation of the RBMPs is done by 14 regional authorities: 13 Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment (ELY Centers); and the Government of Åland. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Ministry of Environment are together...

The Floods Directive (FD) established a framework for flood risk management. It foresees 6-yearly cycles aiming at the reduction of the adverse consequences associated with floods in the European Union (EU). The first cycle covered the period 2010-15. The second cycle covers the period 2016-21....

The Floods Directive (FD) established a framework for flood risk management (FRM). It foresees 6-yearly cycles aiming to reduce the adverse consequences associated with floods in the European Union (EU). The first cycle covered the period 2010-15. The second cycle covered the period 2016-21. The...

This VET policy brief produced by Cedefop presents a snapshot of vocational education and training policy developments in Finland between 2020 and the end of 2024. It presents the context and the challenges the country faces, a selection of the latest VET-related statistics, as well as the...

This policy brief presents one such initiative: a Peer2Peer study visit by the Andalusian delegation to their counterparts in Finland and Denmark. Facilitated by the Joint Research Centre and supported by the TAIEX-REGIO Peer2Peer instrument in collaboration with DG REGIO, the visit aimed to...