In recent months, there has been an intensifying debate over whether Europe can still rely on US extended nuclear deterrence or should begin to consider alternatives that are independent of Washington. A binary approach - trust or no trust - is of limited analytical value here; the subject matter...

For decades, the word ‘fascist’ existed solely as a hyperbole — a term meant to insult rather than describe. But lately, politics have grown so hyperbolic that the label looks increasingly sincere. For example, when a powerful man advocates far-right politics and brazenly performs Nazi...

Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine marked the start of a prolonged confrontation between Moscow and Europe - one that is fundamentally reshaping the parameters of European security. The return of Donald Trump to the White House and his stated intent to quickly end the war in Ukraine and put...

This paper investigates the equity implications of the 2018 policy change regarding France's electric vehicle (EV) subsidies, focusing on its differential impact across French municipalities (i.e., communes) with varying income levels. Using a synthetic event study and a synthetic...

We show how exposure to partisan peers, under conditions requiring high stakes cooperation, can trigger the breakthrough of novel political beliefs. We exploit the largescale, exogenous assignment of soldiers from each of 34,947 French municipalities into line infantry regiments during World War...

We provide new evidence on intergenerational social mobility among immigrants and natives in France. Using linked parent–child data from censuses, we introduce an individual-level metric - the Intergenerational Rank Difference (IRD) - that measures upward and downward mobility relative to the...

This paper replicates and extends the framework of Guzman and Stern (2020) to examine the evolution of entrepreneurial activity in Europe, focusing on France, Germany, and the United Kingdom between 2009 and 2023. Using harmonized national business registry data, we construct measures of both...

This study considers the nonlinear relationship between GDP growth and unemployment in France (1975-2024) using a logistic smooth transition regression (LSTR) model. Findings reveal a threshold unemployment rate of 7.93%, above which the traditional Okun's law holds (GDP growth reduces...

I study the expenditures of the Comédie française from 1759 to 1793 and the company's debt from 1723 to 1793. Expenditures were well controlled and changes in venues account for their increase over time. The debt, however, was less controlled, because of the company's partnership structure and...

We show how exposure to partisan peers, under conditions requiring high stakes cooperation, can trigger the breakthrough of novel political beliefs. We exploit the largescale, exogenous assignment of soldiers from each of 34,947 French municipalities into line infantry regiments during World War...

France has a Basin Committee and Coordinating Prefect on each of its RBDs, with the exception of the RBD pair for Scheldt (FRA) and Sambre (FRB2) and the RBD pair for Meuse (FRB1) and Rhine (FRC). At the local level, a significant reform was conducted between 2014 and 2018 to streamline the...

This VET policy brief produced by Cedefop presents a snapshot of vocational education and training (VET) policy developments for the French speaking part of Belgium, between 2020 and the end of 2024. It presents the context and the challenges the country faces, a selection of the latest...

The Floods Directive (FD) established a framework for flood risk management. It foresees 6- yearly cycles aiming at the reduction of the adverse consequences associated with floods in the European Union (EU). The first cycle covered the period 2010-15. The second cycle covers the period 2016-21....

The Floods Directive (FD) established a framework for flood risk management (FRM). It foresees 6-yearly cycles aiming to reduce the risk of flood damage in the European Union (EU). The first cycle covered the period 2010-15. The second cycle covered the period 2016-21. The third cycle will cover...

We study how monetary policy shapes firm level carbon emissions. Our identification strategy exploits the European Central Bank’s July 2012 move to the zero lower bound as a plausibly exogenous easing of credit supply, combined with rich administrative and survey data on French manufacturing...

Conflict-driven internal displacements are a common yet understudied phenomenon. We explore the political consequences of such displacements on hosting communities using the case of the forced evacuation of Alsatians to the French interior at the start of WWII. Our identification strategy...

France has already met the 2030 EU-level targets on participation in early childhood education, early leaving from education and training, work-based learning in vocational education and training (VET) as well as tertiary educational attainment. Major challenges remain in improving proficiency...

The Education and Training Monitor's country reports present and assess the main recent and ongoing policy development at all education levels in the 27 EU Member States. They give the reader more in-depth insight into the performance of a country as regards the EU-level targets agreed within...

The Education and Training Monitor's country reports present and assess the main recent and ongoing policy development at all education levels in the 27 EU Member States. They give the reader more in-depth insight into the performance of a country as regards the EU-level targets agreed within...

We examine the effects of adopting automation technologies on the export performance of French manufacturing firms during the 2002–2019 period. Adoption is identified through imports of automation-related capital goods, and its effects are estimated by means of a staggered...

We study how monetary policy shapes firm-level carbon emissions by exploiting the ECB's 2012 entry into the zero lower bound as a plausibly exogenous credit easing. Using administrative and survey data on French manufacturing firms from 2000-2019 and a difference-in-differences design with...

This paper assesses the impact of the COSME Loan Guarantee Facility (LGF) on SMEs in Belgium, France, and Italy between 2015 and 2023. Using advanced econometric methods, we compare SMEs that received a guarantee with a control group of similar companies and find that beneficiaries experienced...

France has a long-standing tradition of legislating for gender equality in the field of employment and professional life. The principle of equality between men and women was first recognised in 1946 in the Preamble to the French Constitution. The law of 11 February 1950 first regulated the...

As part of the EESC's efforts to promote fundamental rights and the rule of law, a delegation from the EESC's Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law Group visited France on 27 and 28 November 2024. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, more specifically civil society...

As part of the EESC's efforts to promote fundamental rights and the rule of law, a delegation from the EESC's Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law Group visited France on 27 and 28 November 2024. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, more specifically civil society...