Women report setting lower reservation wages than men in survey data. We show that women set reservation wages that are 14 to 18 percent lower than men's in laboratory search experiments that control for factors not fully observed in surveys such as offer distributions and outside options. This...

Wage discrimination against women remains a major obstacle to fair economic opportunities for women and a grand challenge constraining economic growth in many countries. Existing research is ambivalent about whether foreign MNC subsidiaries as employers of women offer a solution to this grand...

We analyze the impact of women's managerial representation on the gender pay gap among employees on the establishment level using German Linked-Employer-Employee- Data from the years 2004 to 2018. For identification of a causal effect we employ a panel model with establishment fixed effects and...

We show that providing publicly available wage information in vacancies, so-called external pay transparency, can reduce the gender wage gap. There is an increasing interest in pay transparency policies as a tool to combat unequal pay. We exploit a reform of Austria's Equal Treatment Law to...

While the gender pay gap between men and women in Germany remains at 18 percent, this figure is not the same for all employees. There are, for example, major differences by age. Beginning at age 30, the gender pay gap increases sharply and remains constantly high at 20 percent until retirement....

Understanding disparities in the rates at which men and women's wages grow over the life course is critical to explaining the gender pay gap. Using panel data from 2009 to 2019 for the United Kingdom, we examine how differences in the rates and types of job mobility of men and women - with and...

This paper will analyze the recent changes in women’s occupation and wages in Korea, focusing on the trend of the gender wage gap between 2008 and 2015 and its determinants. Especially, the changes in the occupational profiles of young female college graduates will be highlighted. They will...

This paper provides the first empirical analysis on the relationship between domestic violence and women's earnings in Mexico, a country where research on intimate partner violence has not yet received much attention in the economic literature despite the increasing rates in gender-based...

We present a simple dynamic model based on on-the-job human capital accumulation affecting the dynamic of wage rates and labor earnings. We show how these dynamics are determined by the interplay between the supply and demand sides of the labor market. The model can generate and explain the...

We present a simple dynamic model based on on-the-job human capital accumulation affecting the dynamic of wage rates and labor earnings. We show how these dynamics are determined by the interplay between the supply and demand sides of the labor market. The model can generate and explain the...

This paper uses an event study approach to estimate the impact of children on the gender earnings gap in Australia. We use the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey to show the arrival of children has a large and persistent impact on the gender earnings gap, reducing...

Previous research argues that occupational gender pay gaps arise from greedy jobs within occupations. Individuals employed in greedy jobs are not easily substitutable. They work long hours at unpredictable times of the day that engender compensating differentials resulting in an earnings to...

In vitro fertilization (IVF) has allowed women to delay birth and pursue a career, but it massively increasesthe risk of twin birth. We investigate the extent to which having twins hampers women's careers after birth. To do this, we leverage a single embryo transfer (SET) mandate for IVF...

We show that providing publicly available wage information in vacancies, so-called external pay transparency, can reduce the gender wage gap. There is an increasing interest in pay transparency policies as a tool to combat unequal pay. We exploit a reform of Austria's Equal Treatment Law to...

We analyze the impact of women's managerial representation on the gender pay gap among employees on the establishment level using German Linked-Employer-Employee- Data from the years 2004 to 2018. For identification of a causal effect we employ a panel model with establishment fixed effects and...

We analyze the impact of women’s managerial representation on the gender pay gap among employees on the establishment level using German Linked-Employer-Employee- Data from the years 2004 to 2018. For identification of a causal effect we employ a panel model with establishment fixed effects...

In this paper, we aim to address a major gap in the economic history of interwar Italy, by discussing the evolution of women's incomes and employment during this crucial period of Italian and European history. After examining the available statistical evidence, we build on recently reconstructed...

We present a natural field experiment on promoting pay equity through simple modifications to the salary review process involving 623 middle managers and 8,951 subordinate employees of a large technology firm. We first document a gender gap not only in salary levels but also in salary increases....

We analyze the impact of women’s managerial representation on the gender pay gap among employees on the establishment level using German Linked-Employer-Employee- Data from the years 2004 to 2018. For identification of a causal effect we employ a panel model with establishment fixed effects...

We compare men and women who are displaced from similar jobs by applying an event study design combined with propensity score matching and reweighting to administrative data from Germany. After a mass layo, women's earnings losses are about 35% higher than men's, with the gap persisting five...

We estimate the distribution of life cycle wages for cohorts of prime-age men and women in the US. A quantile selection model is used to consistently recover the full distribution of wages accounting for systematic differences in employment, permitting us to construct gender- and...

This paper estimates if there is a causal effect of restricting overtime hours on the gender pay gap and, if so, whether this effect varies by occupational returns to long work hours. Maximum working hours in South Korea have been limited to 52 hours per week since July 2018. This paper...

We present a simple dynamic model based on on-the-job human capital accumulation affecting the dynamic of wage rates and labor earnings. We show how these dynamics are determined by the interplay between the supply and demand sides of the labor market. The model can generate and explain the...

We present a simple dynamic model based on on-the-job human capital accumulation affecting the dynamic of wage rates and labor earnings. We show how these dynamics are determined by the interplay between the supply and demand sides of the labor market. The model can generate and explain the...

This paper discusses the difference in risk exposure between men and women and its impact on job choice. Since women tend to be more risk-averse, they select themselves into industries and occupations with lower risk exposure. It is shown that female-dominated sectors and professions are...

We present a natural field experiment on promoting pay equity through simple modifications to the salary review process involving 623 middle managers and 8,951 subordinate employees of a large technology firm.We first document a gender gap not only in salary levels but also in salary increases....

We show that providing publicly available wage information in vacancies, so-called external pay transparency, can reduce the gender wage gap. There is an increasing interest in pay transparency policies as a tool to combat unequal pay. We exploit a reform of Austria’s Equal Treatment Law to...

Drawing upon the contemporary research, this paper examines whether there is a relationship of STEM bachelor, master and doctoral graduates to the gender pay gap (GPG) in EU Member states in 2013-2020 using a novel dataset based on 2011 International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)....

The results of this paper demonstrate an inverse relationship between women’s status in terms of financial equality with men, proxied by gender wage gap, and women’s entrepreneurship participation at the US state level. The gender wage gap affects women’s opportunity cost of the...

The gender pay gap is an issue of continuing concern and debate within policy and academic circles. There is a limited number of empirical studies, however, which have been concerned with understanding the gender pay gap in Northern Ireland. It is this gap in knowledge which this paper is...

We evaluate a temporary public sector employment program targeted at individuals with weak labor market attachment, applying dynamic inverse probability weighting to account for dynamic selection. We show that the program is successful in increasing employment and reducing social assistance....

This paper opens up the black box of gender-specific application and hiring behavior and its implications for the residual gender earnings gap. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we propose a two-stage matching model with testable implications. Using the German IAB Job Vacancy Survey, we...

This paper discusses research on the relationship between fertility and women's labour force participation. It surveys methods used to obtain causal identification, and provides an overview of the evidence of causal effects in both directions. We highlight a few themes that we regard as...

We develop a model to study the impact on gender gaps in participation and wages of a liquidity constraint that prevents some households from paying child care. We show that this liquidity constraint generates an inefficiency and amplifies gender gaps in the labour market. In this framework, an...

employee retention, staff engagement, job complementarities, coworkers, hospitals, endogeneityAThis paper discusses research on the relationship between fertility and women's labour force participation. It surveys methods used to obtain causal identification, and provides an overview of the...

This paper examines the gender wage gap in Singapore's taxi industry using hourly income data for male and female taxi drivers in 7 million taxi rides from January 2009 to November 2010. Using a fixed-effects model, we find a 4.5% gender wage gap between female and male taxi drivers. We find...

This study tests the impact of income received by women on the household’s calorie, protein, carbohydrate, and fat consumption using the India Human development Survey (IHDS). It also assesses if there is a differential impact of income share of primary woman on household calorie consumption...

In the United States, while men made one dollar back in 1970, women only made 59 cents (US DoL, 2017). In 2015, they earned 79 cents for every dollar a man earns. Although significant progress has been made to narrow this raw wage gap in forty-five years, it persists. At this current rate, it is...