As climate change progresses, the number of people who are being forced to leave their homes and cross borders due to environmental change is increasing. At the same time, they lack safe, orderly and regular migration pathways. Regional free movement can expand the leeway for those who are...

As climate change progresses, the number of people who are being forced to leave their homes and cross borders due to environmental change is increasing. At the same time, they lack safe, orderly and regular migration pathways. Regional free movement can expand the leeway for those who are...

Schengen, a village in southern Luxembourg on the river Moselle, is located where the territories of the initial contracting parties of the Schengen Agreement (France, Germany and the Benelux states) meet. It has become a synonym for the abolition of internal border controls and for free...

Schengen, a village in southern Luxembourg on the river Moselle, is located where the territories of the initial contracting parties of the Schengen Agreement (France, Germany and the Benelux states) meet. It has become a synonym for the abolition of internal border controls and for free...

Schengen, a small village in Luxembourg close to the border with Germany and France, has become synonymous with the free movement of people in Europe. The abolition of internal border controls has gone hand in hand with common rules for controlling external borders and reinforced judicial and...

Schengen, a small village in Luxembourg close to the border with Germany and France, has become synonymous with the free movement of people in Europe. The abolition of internal border controls has gone hand in hand with common rules for controlling external borders and reinforced judicial and...

This annual report presents updated insights into the labour mobility developments in EU and EFTA countries using data for 2022 and 2023. The analysis encompasses the mobility of all working-age EU citizens (aged 20-64). Chapter 1 delves into the movement and characteristics of the mobile...

The Portable Document A1 (PD A1) (previously the E101 certificate) establishes the presumption that the holder is affiliated to the social security system of the Member State2 which has issued the certificate and confirms that the person concerned has no obligations to pay social security...

An important principle of the EU is that mobile persons do not lose their social security rights when moving to another Member State. Therefore, the EU rules on the coordination of social security systems provide that persons are entitled to export their benefits to another Member State. Article...

Cross-border healthcare within the EU can be defined as a situation in which the insured person receives healthcare in a Member State1 other than the Member State of insurance (i.e., competent Member State). Three cross-border healthcare situations are regulated under the Social Security...

The EU rules on the coordination of social security systems are based on some key principles protecting the social security rights of persons moving within the EU: a) the determination of a single applicable legislation; b) the prohibition of discrimination, reinforced by the equal treatment of...

One of the key pillars of the European single market is undoubtedly the free movement of persons. From the earliest days of the European Economic Community (EEC), it was recognised that genuinely free movement required addressing the social security rights of mobile citizens. In order to...

Following the Social Security Coordination Regulations, parents residing in a Member State other than the Member State where they are insured (i.e., competent Member State), are entitled to maternity and equivalent paternity benefits in cash provided by the competent Member State (i.e., export...

This report, covers the following matters: 1) the steps taken throughout the year to prevent and combat fraud and error in cases determined under the coordination rules; 2) specific problems in implementing the coordination rules which may lead at least to risks of fraud and error;3) agreements...

Concerning cross-border social security in the EU, maternity and paternity benefits in cash can be exported to persons residing or staying in a Member State other than the competent Member State. This report presents data on this topic for reference year 2022. Although maternity and equivalent...

An unemployed person has the right, under certain conditions and for a limited period, to search for a job in another Member State while retaining the unemployment benefit from the competent Member State. The Portable Document U2 (PD U2) certifies this right.

This report presents administrative data covering all EU/EFTA countries and the UK.3 Insured persons have different routes at their disposal to receive cross-border healthcare in the EU and to be reimbursed. They can seek treatment according to the rules and principles set by the Social Security...

This report provides an overview of the payment of old-age, survivors', and invalidity pensions in a cross-border context within the EU/EFTA (including the UK), seeing that there is a considerable group of pensioners who have worked in several of these countries or have decided to move abroad....

One of the essential components of the European single market is, without any doubt, the free movement of persons. Already in the earliest days of the European Economic Community (EEC), it was recognised that genuinely free movement could not be achieved without a solution for the social...

This annual report presents the latest findings on intra-EU labour mobility, offering updated insights into the trends observed in EU and EFTA countries using data from 2021 and 2022. The analysis encompasses the mobility of all working-age EU citizens (aged 20-64). In Chapter 2, the report...

The Portable Document A1 (PD A1) (previously the E101 certificate) establishes the presumption that the holder is affiliated to the social security system of the Member State which has issued the certificate and confirms that the person concerned has no obligations to pay social security...

Since its founding, the European Union (EU) has undergone several rounds of enlargement, expanding from the original six Member States to 27 today. This year marks the 20th anniversary of the European Union's fifth enlargement which took place in 2004. Two decades ago, citizens of ten Central...

In the 2004 Eastern enlargement, free movement in the EU for citizens of the new member states applied only from the date of accession - or even later in those ‘old’ member states that used long transition periods. However, refugees from Ukraine now live and work freely throughout the EU and...

The main principle of the EU rules on social security coordination is that persons are subject to the legislation of a single Member State only. If the person works, the legislation of the Member State where the economic activity is carried out applies ('lex loci laboris'). In some very specific...

Does better access to foreign workers reduce firms' willingness to provide general skills training to unskilled workers? We analyze how the opening of the Swiss labor market to workers from the European Union affected the number of apprenticeship positions that firms provide. We exploit that the...

This paper examines the short-run immigration effects on prices for owner-occupied housing and rents in Switzerland, exploiting regional variation at the level of 106 local labour markets ("Mobilité Spatiale" regions) and 26 cantons, respectively. We propose two empirical strategies that...

This paper examines the short-run immigration effects on prices for owner-occupied housing and rents in Switzerland, exploiting regional variation at the level of 106 local labor markets ("Mobilité Spatiale" regions) and 26 cantons, respectively. We propose two empirical strategies that exploit...

An unemployed person has the right, under certain conditions and for a limited period, to search for a job in another Member State while retaining the unemployment benefit from the competent Member State. The so-called Portable Document U2 (PD U2 - Retention of unemployment benefits) certifies...

Schengen, a village in southern Luxembourg on the river Moselle, is located where the territories of the initial contracting parties of the Schengen Agreement (France, Germany and the Benelux states) meet. It has become a synonym for the abolition of internal border controls and for free...

The name of Schengen, a small village in Luxembourg close to the border with Germany and France, has become synonymous with the free movement of people in Europe. The abolition of internal border controls has gone hand in hand with common rules for controlling external borders and reinforced...

Free movement of persons would not be possible without the guarantee that citizens do not lose their social security rights when moving to another Member State , be it for reasons linked to work or for other reasons. In order to safeguard the social security rights of persons moving within the...

Concerning cross-border social security in the EU, maternity and paternity benefits in cash can be exported to persons residing or staying in a Member State other than the competent Member State. This report presents data on this topic for reference year 2021. Although maternity and equivalent...

This report provides an overview of the payment of old-age, survivors', and invalidity pensions in a cross-border context within the EU/EFTA/UK, seeing that there is a considerable group of pensioners who have worked in several countries or have decided to move abroad. Persons are entitled to a...