This article re-examines Illinois free banking from a new perspective: ownership structure. The claim that ownership influenced banking activity and noteholder losses is analyzed, and it is shown that ownership did not have a major impact on asset allocation and losses. Only Chicago residents...

We investigate monopolistic tendencies and the intensity of currency competition on the crypto market in the light of Hayek’s "Denationalization of money". Interestingly, Hayek never considered differentiation and specialization by innovative private currencies could lead lasting currency...

The free-banking history of Switzerland is subdivided into periods with unfettered competition (1826–1881), and strict banknote regulation (1881–1907). This paper suggests that the Federal Banknote Act of 1881 was introduced to remedy the fragmentation of the unfettered-competition period,...

In the second half of the 19th century, the Chilean free banking system worked similarly to how Adam Smith describes the 18th century free banking system in Scotland. The characteristics of free banking that Smith identifies as conductive of successful outcomes—free entry, unlimited liability,...

In the two-country model in Benigno, Schilling & Uhlig (2022), the usage of a privately-issued crypto-asset as a global means of payment leads to the enforced synchronization of nominal interest rates, and hence to a loss of monetary policy autonomy. This paper shows that the same result obtains...

For one variable-supply currency in isolation, one player's Cobb-Douglas utility depends on the current supply divided by the initial supply, multiplied by the inverse of the accumulative inflation/deflation. With equal weight assigned to both factors, money printing outweighs inflation, and...

The free-banking history of Switzerland is commonly subdivided into a period with unfettered competition (1826 - 1881) and strong banknote regulation (1881 - 1907). This paper suggests that unrestricted competition between private note-issuing banks gave rise to a fragmented paper-money system,...

The free-banking history of Switzerland is subdivided into periods with unfettered competition (1826-1881), and strict banknote regulation (1881-1907). This paper suggests that the Federal Banknote Act of 1881 was introduced to remedy the fragmentation of the unfettered-competition period,...

This paper examines the Swedish record of competition in the supply of bank notes in the 19th century. Between 1831 and 1902, private commercial banks, organized as partnerships with unlimited liability for their owners, issued notes competing with the notes of the Riksbank, the bank owned by...

Frequently noted inadequately explored connections between currency internationalization and expected change in the polarity of the international monetary system in the international relations literature are commanding the renewed attention and vigorous debate for more international monetary...

The properties of money commonly referenced in the economics literature were originally identified by Jevons (1876) and Menger (1892) in the late 1800s and were intended to describe physical currencies, such as commodity money, metallic coins, and paper bills. In the digital era, many...

Cryptocurrencies come with benefits, such as anonymity of payments and positive network effects of user adoption, and transaction risks including unconfirmed transactions, hacks, and frauds. They compete with central-bank-regulated money but consumers may prefer one currency over the other. In...

The puzzle of underissuance of national bank notes disappears when one disaggregates data, takes account of regulatory limits, and considers differences in opportunity costs. Banks with poor lending opportunities maximized their issuance. Other banks chose to limit issuance. Redemption costs do...

Currently numerous market-driven cryptocurrencies challenge to dethrone the state-controlled supply of fiat money. The outcome hinges on the old question of whether privately produced money with or without government is possible. This paper revisits the issue by looking for insights in the...

We analyze a two-country economy with complete markets, featuring two national currencies as well as a global (crypto)currency. If the global currency is used in both countries, the national nominal interest rates must be equal and the exchange rate between the national currencies is a...

Economic historians remain divided over America’s experiment with free banking during the antebellum era. Some argue that the reforms, which liberalized the bank-chartering process, simply exchanged one set of entry barriers for another, while others hold that free banking improved competition...

A private money is a widely accepted medium of exchange or payment issued by a non-governmental body in the absence of any legal privileges. Private monies do not have to be generally acceptable; they merely have to be widely accepted. Three examples of contemporary private monetary systems are...

The role of money in society has been a controversial topic in economic theory over many years. Particular attention has been devoted to the analysis whether there should be competition in the supply of money, or whether this is best left to a governmental agency. This paper reviews the...

The recent rise of digital currencies opens the door to their use in parallel alongside official currencies (“dollar”) for pricing and transactions. We construct a simple New Keynesian framework with parallel currencies as pricing units and sticky prices. Relative prices become a state...

The free-banking history of Switzerland is subdivided into periods with unfettered competition (1826-1881), and strict banknote regulation (1881-1907). This paper suggests that the Federal Banknote Act of 1881 was introduced to remedy the fragmentation of the unfettered-competition period,...

Virtual currencies are a contemporary form of private money. Thanks to their technological properties, their global transaction networks are relatively safe, transparent, and fast. This gives them good prospects for further development. However, they remain unlikely to challenge the dominant...

The recent rise of digital currencies opens the door to their use in parallel alongside official currencies ("dollar'') for pricing and transactions. We construct a simple New Keynesian framework with parallel currencies as pricing units and sticky prices. Relative prices become a state...

Purpose This study aims to evaluate the role of the prevailing currency systems in achieving (or departing from) the socio-economic objectives of a progressive and just society; i.e. featuring stability and equitable distribution of wealth. Design/methodology/approach After documenting...

Wo zeigt sich bereits heute eine Haftungsunion? -- Inwiefern ist der Wiederaufbaufonds die Blaupause für einen fiskalisch-zentralistischen Europäischen Währungsfonds? -- Kommt ein Schuldenerlass? -- Sind griechische „Geuros“ und italienische „Minibots“ als Regierungsgeld die Lösung?...

Warum ist die Politik der Alternativlosigkeit so gefährlich? -- Was heißt „Krisenpolitik“ und weshalb wirken ihre Folgen desintegrativ? -- Was sind die Kosten der Niedrigzinspolitik? -- Wie hoch waren die Schuldenerleichterungen für Griechenland wirklich? -- Inwiefern gefährden...

The free-banking history of Switzerland is commonly subdivided into a period with unfettered competition (1826 - 1881) and strong banknote regulation (1881 - 1907). This paper suggests that unrestricted competition between private note-issuing banks gave rise to a fragmented paper-money system,...

Die vorliegende Kurzexpertise hat die Ursachen unterschiedlicher Formen eines Währungskonflikts und seine Auswirkungen auf die deutsche und europäische Wirtschaft beschrieben und quantifiziert. In der öffentlichen Debatte wird die Manipulation einer Währung meist anhand einer beobachteten...

We analyze a two-country economy with complete markets, featuring two national currencies as well as a global (crypto)currency. If the global currency is used in both countries, the national nominal interest rates must be equal and the exchange rate between the national currencies is a risk-...

We analyze a two-country economy with complete markets, featuring two national currencies as well as a global (crypto)currency. If the global currency is used in both countries, the national nominal interest rates must be equal and the exchange rate between the national currencies is a risk-...

We analyze a two-country economy with complete markets, featuring two national currencies as well as a global (crypto)currency. If the global currency is used in both countries, the national nominal interest rates must be equal and the exchange rate between the national currencies is a...