Climate change affects the daily lives of everyone in the EU and has significant environmental, economic, social and health impacts. To tackle this, the European Green Deal was adopted in 2019. This report examines the Green Deal from a fundamental rights perspective, with the aim of protecting...

Immigrant rights have been found to be better protected in democracies than in authoritarian regimes, but there is no systematic test of different explanations of why this is the case. In this paper, we attempt to fill this gap by investigating which features of democratic political systems are...

The year 2023 brought both progress and setbacks in terms of fundamental rights protection. FRA's Fundamental Rights Report 2024 reviews developments in the field, identifying both achievements and remaining areas of concern. This publication presents FRA's opinions on the main developments in...

This report aims to synthesise civil society's views on national trends in fundamental rights and the rule of law, drawing on the EESC Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law (FRRL) Group's first cycle of country visits. Covering the 27 EU Member States visited by the FRRL Group between 2018 and...

This report aims to synthesise civil society's views on national trends in fundamental rights and the rule of law, drawing on the EESC Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law (FRRL) Group's first cycle of country visits. Covering the 27 EU Member States visited by the FRRL Group between 2018 and...

Three EESC members took part in the visit to Moldova. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, more specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), the social partners, the media and the legal professions. The aim of this report is to faithfully reflect and reproduce...

Three EESC members took part in the visit to Moldova. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, more specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), the social partners, the media and the legal professions. The aim of this report is to faithfully reflect and reproduce...

Six EESC members took part in the country visit to Malta. The delegation met with representatives of civil society, namely civil society organisations (CSOs), social partners and the media on the one hand, and several governmental and judicial authorities on the other. The aim of this report is...

Six members took part in the visit to Latvia. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), social partners, the media and the legal professions, as well as the Latvian authorities. The aim of this report is to faithfully...

Six EESC members took part in the country visit to Malta. The delegation met with representatives of civil society, namely civil society organisations (CSOs), social partners and the media on the one hand, and several governmental and judicial authorities on the other. The aim of this report is...

Six members took part in the visit to Latvia. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), social partners, the media and the legal professions, as well as the Latvian authorities. The aim of this report is to faithfully...

Europe's ageing population is ever-increasing, and our societies are becoming more digitalised. Many public services are now available online, with many more services in the process of being digitalised. But the digitalisation of public services poses a risk of exclusion for older persons. In...

The Poor People's Campaign (PPC) of 1968 was focused on highlighting, and ultimately reducing, poverty in the United States. As part of the campaign, protestors from across the country were transported to Washington, D.C. in 6 separate bus caravans, each of which made stops en route to rest,...

FRA's Fundamental Rights Report 2024 reviews major developments in the field in 2023. Given the backdrop of threats to fundamental rights and freedoms in Europe today, FRA's annual report is a timely review of the most pressing issues. It also presents FRA's opinions on these developments,...

FRA's Fundamental Rights Report 2024 reviews major developments in the field in 2023. Given the backdrop of threats to fundamental rights and freedoms in Europe today, FRA's annual report is a timely review of the most pressing issues. It also presents FRA's opinions on these developments,...

The year 2023 brought both progress and setbacks in terms of fundamental rights protection. FRA's Fundamental Rights Report 2024 reviews developments in the field, identifying both achievements and remaining areas of concern. This publication presents FRA's opinions on the main developments in...

This report provides an overview of the activities undertaken by the Frontex Consultative Forum on Fundamental Rights in 2023. It outlines the main observations and recommendations shared with the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex or Agency) and its Management Board in order to...

This report provides an overview of the activities undertaken by the Frontex Consultative Forum on Fundamental Rights in 2023. It outlines the main observations and recommendations shared with the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex or Agency) and its Management Board in order to...

Six EESC members took part in the visit to the Netherlands. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, more specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), the social partners, the media and the legal professions, as well as the Dutch authorities. The aim of this report...

Six EESC members took part in the visit to the Netherlands. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, more specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), the social partners, the media and the legal professions, as well as the Dutch authorities. The aim of this report...

Six members took part in the visit to Belgium. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), the social partners, the media and the legal professions, as well as the Belgian authorities. The aim of this report is to faithfully...

Six members took part in the country visit to Estonia. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically civil society organisations (CSOs) and social partners, on the one hand, and the Estonian authorities on the other. The aim of this report is to faithfully...

Luxembourg welcomes the work of the EESC's Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law Group and would like to highlight the constructive discussions that have taken place on 2-3 March 2023 in Luxembourg. While taking note of the observations made in the draft report following this visit, as received on...

Six members took part in the country visit to Estonia. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically civil society organisations (CSOs) and social partners, on the one hand, and the Estonian authorities on the other. The aim of this report is to faithfully...

Luxembourg welcomes the work of the EESC's Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law Group and would like to highlight the constructive discussions that have taken place on 2-3 March 2023 in Luxembourg. While taking note of the observations made in the draft report following this visit, as received on...

Six members took part in the visit to Belgium. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), the social partners, the media and the legal professions, as well as the Belgian authorities. The aim of this report is to faithfully...

Spyware and other hacking techniques are critical threats to privacy, data protection and democracy in the EU. They serve oppressive agendas against journalists, political activists and human rights defenders.

Spyware and other hacking techniques are critical threats to privacy, data protection and democracy in the EU. They serve oppressive agendas against journalists, political activists and human rights defenders.

EU citizenship is a unique concept. If you are a national of one of the 27 EU Member States, then you are also automatically an EU citizen. This enables you to enjoy certain rights and benefits that are distinct from being a national of an EU Member State. What's more, these rights are valid in...

This report provides an overview of the country visits organised by the EESC Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law (FRRL) group in 2022. It deals with six country visits to Greece, Finland, Slovakia, Portugal, Sweden and Slovenia. The report follows the two previous synthesis reports, which covered...

This report provides an overview of the country visits organised by the EESC Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law (FRRL) group in 2022. It deals with six country visits to Greece, Finland, Slovakia, Portugal, Sweden and Slovenia. The report follows the two previous synthesis reports, which covered...

EU citizenship is a unique concept. If you are a national of one of the 27 EU Member States, then you are also automatically an EU citizen. This enables you to enjoy certain rights and benefits that are distinct from being a national of an EU Member State. What's more, these rights are valid in...

The discharge of nuclear-contaminated water containing radionuclides into the ocean by Japan will lead to its integration into the entire ecosystem through processes of circulation and biomagnification, eventually entering the human body via the food chain. This poses a substantial risk of...

Governments use coercion to aggregate distributed information relevant to governmental objectives-from the prosecution of regime-stability threats to terrorism or epidemics. A cohesive social structure facilitates this task, as reliable information will often come from friends and acquaintances....

Does education lead to political engagement? The empirical literature is mixed. Theory suggests economic context matters. Individuals unable to take advantage of education in the labor market are more likely to engage in political activity. We find support for this channel during the rapid...

Deutschland steht, wie andere Staaten auch, vor der Herausforderung, dass politische und gesellschaftliche Präferenzen der Bevölkerung regional stark variieren. Der Föderalismus gilt oft als geeigneter Ansatz, um mit dieser Heterogenität umzugehen. Unsere Forschung identifiziert jedoch eine...

In an increasingly unstable world, the predicament of refugees and asylum seekers largely remains a demanding global challenge. As persons flee wars, persecution, and conflict in their countries of origin, the principle of non-refoulement chips in to guarantee respect and protection of their...

Banking supervisors worldwide recognise the pressing need to harness frontier technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML), to enhance their efficiency and analytical capabilities. The European Central Bank (ECB) has similarly acknowledged the...

The association between freedom of expression - freedom of speech and the freedom of the media - and social conflict is theoretically ambiguous and politically highly contested. On one side of the debate, people argue that freedom of speech and freedom of the media create social conflict by...

The present report proposes a synthesis of the work of the EESC Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law (FRRL) Group covering its first two years of existence (2018-2019). It concerns the seven initial country visits led by the FRRL Group (to Romania, Poland, Hungary, Austria, France, Bulgaria and...

The history of Black entrepreneurs from colonial times through most of the nineteenth century in the US whaling industry provides an excellent opportunity for insights into how free Blacks and those who freed themselves became entrepreneurs and how they influenced the abolition movement and...

Concerns have been raised about the “demise of democracy”, possibly accelerated by pandemic-related restrictions. Using a survey experiment involving 8,206 respondents from five Western democracies, we find that subjects randomly exposed to information regarding civil liberties infringements...