Despite the formal absence of sanctions, gas trade between Russia and the EU has effectively collapsed over the past three and a half years. This has been the outcome of several factors: the EU strategy of reducing dependence on Russian gas, Russia's own supply cuts, physical damage to the...

This gas-focused edition of the Oxford Energy Forum updates the scorecard on the key issues driving medium to long-term gas demand prospects in key consuming countries. Whether it is European climate policy and the regulation of decarbonized gases, the demand outlook for Asian industrial...

On 1 January 2025, the Transit Agreement, which has provided political, commercial, technical and legal grounds for the transit of Russian gas across Ukraine during 2020-24, will expire. Once it happens – and if no extension or alternative transit arrangement are agreed – the transit will...

European Union legislation obliges natural gas transmission system operators to publish key transport indicators on a transparency platform operated by the European Network of Gas Transmission System Operators for Gas (ENTSOG). Gas Infrastructure Europe (GIE) maintains similar transparency...

Large parts of the existing natural gas distribution networks must be decommissioned due to the decarbonization of the heat supply. However, there are neither regulatory nor economic incentives for the gas network operators to do so and delaying the decommissioning could be expensive for the...

This study explores the structural shifts in Europe’s energy landscape following the loss of over one-third of its natural gas supplies due to the conflict in Ukraine, effectively severing the traditional natural gas trade “bridge” between Russia and Europe. Amidst Europe’s deep...

On 11 April 2024 the European Parliament adopted the Renewable and Natural Gases and Hydrogen (RNGH) Directive and the RNGH Regulation – otherwise known as the Decarbonised Gas and Hydrogen Package – and published both documents on 12 April 2024. Once approved by the Council and published in...

As a result of the Russian attack on Ukraine, natural gas prices skyrocketed in 2022 and Germany in particular felt the impact of its strong dependency on Russia. Prices have since relaxed, the European natural gas industry has overcome the uncertainty due to the energy crisis in 2022, and the...

Middle East and North Africa (MENA) gas exporters are facing long-term market and regulatory challenges in Europe. The near three-year continuous decline in Europe’s gas demand since the beginning of the Ukraine crisis is a key challenge for these exporters who are concerned about whether this...

European gas markets experienced a very turbulent period from 2020 to 2022, which led to the lowest ever northwest European gas prices at the end of May 2020, then several strong rallies led to four successive ‘highest ever’ prices, the most recent being in August 2022. After each of those...

Durch die Gasspeicherregelungen soll die Versorgungssicherheit im Winter erhöht werden. Ausschreibungen und direkte Beschaffung durch den Marktgebietsverantwortlichen sollen die Befüllung der Gasspeicher sicherstellen. Beide Instrumente können zu einer Verdrängung von anderen Speichermengen...

Importe von Flüssigerdgas (LNG) haben es Europa ermöglicht, den weitgehenden Ausfall russischer Gaslieferungen teilweise zu kompensieren. Dies war für die Sicherung der Energieversorgung zentral. Es besteht hierbei jedoch auch ein Risiko neuer Pfadabhängigkeiten, die der notwendigen...

This study uses a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model to examine the relationships between the intensity of drilling (i.e. investment) for natural gas production, natural gas withdrawals, economic activity and natural gas prices in the United States. The results show that the reaction...

In a controversial policy paper, Bachmann et al. (2022) argued back in March 2022 that the economic effects for Germany of a complete immediate stop of energy imports from Russia would be small, between 0.5% and 3% of GDP. Baqaee et al. (2022) even presented 0.3% GDP loss in the case of an...

As the world races to decarbonize its energy systems, the choice between transmitting green energy as electrons through high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines or as molecules via hydrogen pipelines emerges as a critical decision. This paper considers this pivotal choice and compares the...

The impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on the natural gas trade, inter alia, continues to be felt well beyond Europe’s borders. As the accelerated decarbonisation of the world’s economies is being pushed forward, Europe’s unexpected interest in alternative sources of gas imports to replace...

In the wake of the gas crisis, in March 2022 the European Council called on the Council and the Commission to examine how ‘an aggregator model / single buyer’ could help reduce gas prices. The Council also said that Member States and the Commission would ‘work together on voluntary common...

The European Union has so far weathered the energy crisis brought on by Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and will manage winter 2022/23 even if Russia abruptly halts all pipeline gas flows. However, preparations must be made for winter 2023-24. In particular, gas storage facilities...

The primary goal of this paper is to investigate the most cost-effective decommissioning and refurbishment investment decision for existing gas networks. An optimization model is developed and tested on a real test bed in an Austrian federal state. The analysis is performed from the network...

A broad literature highlights efficiency gains due to cost reduction after privatizations in the energysector. However, to the best of our knowledge, this literature does not develop general equilibriummodels, which are fundamental to account for post-privatization gains from a regional...

Around 60% of internationally traded gas is shipped through pipelines. In Europe alone, there are around twenty cross-border gas transmission pipelines and new pipelines continue to be proposed. Yet, proposed pipelines often do not make it past the planning stage. Existing research has been...

This Paper gives the results of the Author’s in-depth analysis of the European traded gas hubs in 2020, as well as explaining the ‘LNG effect’ on increased volumes in Belgium, France, and Spain in particular. The purpose of the analysis is to confirm that the hubs are all still relevant...

Ukraine is a big country with a developed multimodal transport infrastructure that includes a network of roads, railways, airports and seaports, as well as pipelines. In addition, the country has significant infrastructure for electricity generation and distribution, and for gas transportation....

In late 2021, an energy crisis emerged in the European Union (EU) as a result of (i) high energy prices following the summer season and (ii) various geopolitical and technical events. These circumstances had an impact in the operation of the EU natural gas system and the security of gas supply...

The low gas filling levels in underground gas storages (UGSs) in the European Union (EU), and the subsequent price volatility and geopolitical tensions between Russia and the EU triggered the adoption of counterbalancing policy strategies in the EU. A specific measure was the mandatory refilling...

Erdgas ist für Deutschland in den letzten drei Dekaden immer wichtiger geworden, sei es für das Heizen von Gebäuden, die Bereitstellung von Prozesswärme in der Industrie oder die Stromerzeugung. Dabei ist die Importabhängigkeit bei Erdgas in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten auf fast 100 Prozent...

Seit 2021 steigen die Energiepreise kräftig an. Mit Beginn des russischen Kriegs gegen die Ukraine sind sie noch einmal in die Höhe geschnellt. Neben Lieferkettenstörungen und Exportrückgängen dämpft das die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, Konjunkturprognosen wurden deutlich nach unten...

The Russian war of aggression against Ukraine since 24 February 2022 has intensified the discussion of Europe's reliance on energy imports from Russia. A ban on Russian imports of oil, natural gas and coal has already been imposed by the United States, while the United Kingdom plans to cease...

[Introduction] The Russian war of aggression against Ukraine since 24 February 2022 has intensified the discussion of Europe's reliance on energy imports from Russia. A ban on Russian imports of oil, natural gas and coal has already been imposed by the United States, while the United Kingdom...

This paper seeks to identify and understand the legal framework and models that undergird the regional gas pipeline networks being established in our times, against the backdrop of the evolving legal norms and business practices. It further seeks to examine the ways in which the competing rights...

The gas industry in Great Britain has witnessed periodic regulatory reviews and large corporate changes over the last few decades. We undertake two separate analyses for the total factor productivity (TFP) of the gas networks using a non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach to...

The most affected market after Russia's intervention in Ukraine is the energy market. What has happened in this market has entered a very difficult phase to predict. On the one hand, the European Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom want to get rid of their dependence on Russian...

Article in the Spring 2022 edition of the American Bar Association's Natural Resources & Environment magazine about a trio of recent developments at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC): efforts to bring climate and environmental justice into pipeline reviews at FERC; providing...

This paper studies the EU's dependency on Russian gas and its challenges. Current Russia-Ukraine war results are investigated through the energy sector. And questions - Can the European Union eliminate its dependence on Russian gas? Is it possible? If possible, for how long can this dependence...

Canada’s history is punctuated with a number of big and bold national projects, such as the Trans-Canada Highway and the Canadian Pacific Railway, that have played defining roles for the country and its citizens’ prosperity.1 However, over more recent decades, there has been much less...