We investigate monopolistic tendencies and the intensity of currency competition on the crypto market in the light of Hayek’s "Denationalization of money". Interestingly, Hayek never considered differentiation and specialization by innovative private currencies could lead lasting currency...

Modern exchange theories model a large market, but do not explain single exchanges. This paper considers the phenomenon of single exchange and formulates the general exchange problem in the form of a system of two equations, subjective and objective. Subjective equilibrium is given by the...

Recently parallels have been drawn between Bitcoin and Yapese stone money. This article focuses on Fitzpatrick and McKeon’s (2019) exploration of similarities and differences. The analogy between Bitcoin and Yapese stone money is based on proposed commonalities that are inaccurate,...

The terms ‘property’ and ‘proprietary interest’ are routinely used in Australian law to represent the broad category of rights an individual may have with respect to tangible and intangible things. ‘Money’, ‘currency’, and ‘legal tender’ are examples of property that...

Wie ließe sich die große Vielfalt an funktionalen Geldsystemen systematisch erfassen und übersichtlich darstellen? Und, weil viele monetäre Wirkungsweisen umstritten sind, konkreter: Wie müsste eine grundlegende Wissensordnung zu Geldsystemen aufgebaut sein, damit sie für die untereinander...

This paper examines the question of what kind of money will govern the 21st century by examining the developments which characterise this landscape. On the basis of a review of the available literature and evidence, it is clear that certain technological innovations, such as the movement towards...

Die vielfältigen Äußerungsformen der jüngsten Wirtschaftskrisen und die derzeitigen Herausforderungen in Europa machen die Notwendigkeit deutlich, die nach wie vor als rational geltende Ökonomie auf ihre parallel ausgebildete »stark spezialisierte emotionale Kultur« (Eva Illouz) hin zu...

The properties of money commonly referenced in the economics literature were originally identified by Jevons (1876) and Menger (1892) in the late 1800s and were intended to describe physical currencies, such as commodity money, metallic coins, and paper bills. In the digital era, many...

The success of alternative payment systems has led to discussion of various proposals to replace money with a new technology-based system, though many lack a clear idea of what exactly is the "money" they seek to replace. We begin by presenting the explanation of money's role in the economy...

From Aristotle to Ricardo and Menger, economists have emphasised the function of money as a medium of exchange together with the intrinsic qualities that increase its saleability and credibility as a most liquid store of value. But the social institution of money co-evolves with technology. It...

"What is measured by the amount of money?" this question is applicable to all kinds of money at all times. The answer can be the key to understanding money. The article offers an answer to this question. The paper considers the phenomenon of simple exchange and formulates the general exchange...

An indexed unit of account is a money analogue, used to express prices; the unit's" purchasing power is defined by an index. Indexed units of account are not true money in that" they are not used as a medium of exchange. The first successful indexed unit of account Unidad de Fomento (UF) has...

We present a simple, finite-state search model to understand how the cross-sectional distribution of money affects its value. We first document a network effect: the value of a given unit of money is higher when its distribution is even, rather than skewed. We also find some distributions to be...

A price dispersion equation is tested with data from the German hyper-inflation. The equation is derived from a version of Lucas' (1973) and Barro's (1976) partial information-localized market models. In this extension, different excess demand elasticities across commodities imply a testable...

A private money is a widely accepted medium of exchange or payment issued by a non-governmental body in the absence of any legal privileges. Private monies do not have to be generally acceptable; they merely have to be widely accepted. Three examples of contemporary private monetary systems are...

In most countries, the supply of paper money is controlled by a state institution. This paper provides an explanation for why such an arrangement is typically chosen. I use a deterministic matching model with a continuum of agents where enforcement is limited and where some agents produce public...

This paper reports an empirical test of a price dispersion equation, using data on the U.S. after World War II. The equation, derived elsewhere from aversion of the partial information-localized market models, relates price dispersion to the magnitude of changes in the aggregate disturbances. In...

The quality of the money stock declined during the banking crises of the early 1930s. Bank deposits did not serve as a secure short- term store of purchasing power for use in an emergency as well as they had previously, and during the periods of restricted deposits in late 1932 and early 1933,...

This essay makes the case that current debates about the ‘moneyness’ of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are occurring at the incorrect scale. Rather than being some form of trans-national digital money to be used alongside or compete with national fiat currencies, I argue that, instead,...

Direct bartering allows us to do trading of assets with or without the use of money. We contribute a smart contract written in Solidity language for the Ethereum blockchain that implements a distributed and autonomous direct barter exchange operated by crowds. Since ERC20 smart contract tokens...

Walras' Law is one of the most important tenets of Neo-liberal economics. It is supposed to be a Tautological Identity according to which disequilibrium in market economies has a compensatory nature. Hence, disequilibrium in any market would imply an opposite imbalance somewhere else in the...

We formulate a generalization of the traditional medium-of-exchange function of money in contexts where there is imperfect competition in the intermediation of credit, settlement, or payment services used to conduct transactions. We find that the option to settle transactions directly with money...

We formulate a generalization of the traditional medium-of-exchange function of money in contexts where there is imperfect competition in the intermediation of credit, settlement, or payment services used to conduct transactions. We find that the option to settle transactions directly with money...

During the 2020 pandemic, the majority of countries have provided income support to households at an unprecedented speed and scale. Social distancing measures and the large penetration of mobile phones in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) have encouraged government-to-person...

The common narrative about Jean-Baptiste Say's treatment of money holdings is that he denied the possibility of hoarding. I show that this interpretation of Say's thinking is erroneous. Drawing upon the various editions of Traité and Cours and other lesser-known texts, I provide substantial...

The fungibility of money is a characteristic which contributes to the quality of money. Fungibleness is itself related to the technical ability to associate a unit of currency with its past instances of exchange. This history is analogous to the identity of money. The identity of an individual...

The South African concept of constitutional citizenship draws on national and African traditions in addition to its firm grounding in international law. Furthermore, as drafted, it crystallizes the potential to ground national citizenship within a global order. This potential remains apparent in...

It is difficult for private agents to produce money that circulates at par with no questions asked. We study two cases of privately-produced money: pre-Civil War U.S. private banknotes and modern stablecoins. Private monies are introduced when there are no better alternatives, but they initially...

1994 to January 20, 2014 -- January 20, 2014, to June 3, 2014 -- June 3, 2014, to July 30, 2015 -- February 20115 to late November 2015 -- December 2015 to June 17, 2016 -- June 17, 2016, to June 21, 2016 -- June 21, 2016, to July 24, 2016 -- July 24, 2016, to October 26, 2016 -- September 13,...

"This book offers a novel understanding of money distinct from the dominant lens of economics through which it is usually observed. In contrast to the economic frameworks of 'money', the volume examines philosophical discourses on money through conceptual frameworks that explain how monetary...

Preface -- Chapter 1 Overview of the History of Money -- Chapter 2 On the Choice of Optimal Currency Denominations -- Chapter 3 The Impact of Denomination Choice on Commercial Trading: A Policy Evaluation of a New Iraqi Monetary System -- Chapter 4 Diffusion of Electronic Money and Choice of...

"Do you know where your money is? More importantly, do you know what your money is doing? Most of us feel confident that we know what money is. But few of us feel confident in taking responsibility for what our money does. We hand over the power of money to banks and mainstream finance with...