This report updates the 2006 analysis in line with the present requirements of BIS.Techniques used in patent landscaping have also evolved since the first report so the analysis in this project is specifically based around the country of residence of patent applicants.This gives a better...

The proliferation of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing poses new regulatory challenges as genetic testing and information, once within the exclusive domain of medical institutions, has migrated into the private commercial sector. The FDA’s traditional “protective” medical device...

Methoden um die genetische Information von Organismen gezielt zu verändern sind im Begriff die Biologie und Medizin zu revolutionieren. Die neuste dieser Methoden, die sogenannte CRISPR-Technologie, vereint hohe Effizienz und Genauigkeit mit großer Einfachheit in der Anwendung. Diese Studie...

CRISPR, a breakthrough technology that can modify or screen DNA in almost any organism, has profoundly influenced innovation in a range of applications. Recognizing the importance of CRISPR, the 2020 Nobel Prize winning technology, the EFI commissioned this project to map the research,...

Der vorliegende Bericht an die Expertenkommission Forschung und Innovation untersucht Rechtsfragen, die sich im Kontext der Genomeditierung am Menschen stellen. Den Ausgangspunkt bildet eine vergleichende Analyse der Regulierung in Deutschland, Frankreich, Großbritannien, der Schweiz, den...

Although the benefits of genetically modified (GM) crops have been well documented, how do farmers manage the risk of new technology in the early stages of technology adoption has received less attention. We compare the total factor productivity (TFP) of cotton to other major crops (wheat, rice,...

This paper models how the evolving field of pharmacogenomics (PG), which is the science of using genomic markers to predict drug response, may impact drug development times, attrition rates, costs, and the future returns to research and development (R&D). While there still remains an abundance...

We develop a theoretical analysis of two widely used regulations of genetic tests, disclosure duty and consent law, and we run several experiments in order to shed light on both the take-up rate of genetic testing and on the comparison of policyholders’ welfare under the two regulations....

This paper analyses the economic issues associated with human cloning and new reproductive technologies. We analyze the incentives for human cloning and its implications for the long run distribution of skills and income. We analyse models of human cloning for different motives, focusing on...

Profit on proprietary research tools is determined partly by the remedies for infringement, such as damages and injunctions. We investigate how damages under a liability rule and the opportunity for injunctions under a property rule can affect the incentives to develop research tools. We show...

A central theme in the international debate on genetic testing concerns the extent to which insurance companies should be allowed to use genetic information in their design of insurance contracts. We analyze this issue within a model with the following important feature: A person's well-being...

Educational attainment (EA) is influenced by characteristics other than cognitive ability, but little is known about the genetic architecture of these "non-cognitive" contributions to EA. Here, we use Genomic Structural Equation Modelling and prior genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of EA...

In this note, I address the trade-off between children's health and parental preference toward similarity with children. In my model, better-off individuals mate genetically close partners and then use wealth to treat their children's health problems, caused by inbreeding depression. As a...

The unavailability of potential stem cell donors poses a critical challenge for donor registries worldwide. This study investigates the impact of initiatives of a stem cell donor registry to enhance donors' availability for confirmatory typing. Initiatives ask donors to provide a sample for...

This study compared costs and returns between stacked Bt/Ht GM and non-GM maize and identified determinants of GM maize adoption in Southern Vietnam. Data were from the 2016 Summer-Autumn cropping season, one year after GM maize was commercialised in Vietnam. The main economic benefits of GM...

Innovating science and technology-based firms often endure a sustained period of uncertain intellectual property rights (IPR) protection before patents could be granted to their valuable knowledge assets. This problem is exacerbated, as firms increasingly develop their innovations or operate in...

We empirically assess the potential financial impact of future gene therapies on the US economy. After identifying 109 late-stage gene therapy clinical trials currently underway, we estimate the number of new and existing patients with corresponding diseases to be treated by these gene...

Biologics accounted for roughly $145 billion in spending in 2018 (IQVIA, 2019). They are also the fastest growing segment of the pharmaceutical industry. The Biological Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA) of 2010 created an abbreviated pathway for biosimilar products to promote price...

"A deeply researched and eye-opening history that shows how Monsanto came to have outsized influence over our food system. This is the definitive history of Monsanto, a St. Louis chemical firm that became the world's largest genetically engineered seed enterprise. Monsanto merged with German...

As part of an international book on ethical tensions and agricultural biotechnology, this chapter discusses genetically modified food in the context of the recent federal labeling law (the National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard). It explores the ethical implications of genetically...

This article presents a regulatory model that would regulate agricultural biotechnology on the basis of the product created and, then, on a tiered risk-based analysis. The article presents this model because United States regulatory agencies are currently reviewing their agricultural...

This paper explores the role of the EU in shaping transnational regulation of GMOs and attempts to establish whether the EU's system of governance prompts experimentalist solutions at the international level in this field. In order to accomplish this aim the paper analyses the relationship...

This article is about the need for more and more nutritious food, the potential genetic engineering technology has to contribute to a solution, the fact that this potential is blocked by regulation, which to my understanding is totally unjustified.

Recent advances have led to the discovery of specific genetic variants that predict educational attainment. We study how these variants, summarized as a genetic score variable, are associated with human capital accumulation and labor market outcomes in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). We...

Recent advances in behavioral genetics have enabled the discovery of genetic scores linked to a variety of economic outcomes, including education. We build on this progress to demonstrate that the same genetic variants that predict educational attainment independently predict household wealth in...

Recent advances have led to the discovery of specific genetic variants that predict educational attainment. We study how these variants, summarized as a genetic score variable, are associated with human capital accumulation and labor market outcomes in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). We...

"This book explores the concept of genetic programming (GP), as supervised machine learning (ML) technique, from the theory to the computer implementation and, from the implementation to the application, and presents the complete process of using such ML technique in some real-world engineering...

This dissertation explores the ways in which genetically modified (GM) cotton seeds, rice seeds, and organic cotton seeds in Telangana, India set farmers on diverging economic, environmental, and social trajectories. GM cotton, a cash crop sold under hundreds of different brand names by private...

"As development donors invest hundreds of millions of dollars into improved crops designed to alleviate poverty and hunger, Africa has emerged as the final frontier in the global debate over agricultural biotechnology. The first data-driven assessment of the ecological, social, and political...