Indonesia's housing sector stands at the front line of a changing climate. The country is highly vulnerable to rising heat, intense rainfall, sea-level rise, and seismic events. Located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, Indonesia faces some of the highest seismic risks in the world, with frequent...

The 70 low-income countries (LICs) in the IMF's membership experienced steady but modest growth in 2024, with marked divergence across countries. While 11 of the 20 fastest-growing countries in 2024 were LICs, many of the poorer and often also fragile and conflict-affected countries saw...

Digital skills are increasingly essential for full participation in modern life. Yet many low-income families face a dual digital divide: limited access to technology and limited ability to use it effectively. These gaps can undermine adults' ability to support their children's education,...

Exploring the short-term effects of water supply promoted by the Sāo Francisco Inter-basin Water Transfer (PISF) on economic aspects in benefited municipalities in Brazil is relevant for three main reasons. First, water is crucial for local development. Second, there was a large volume of...

This report examines child deprivation in Ireland. It focuses on children who experience deprivation but are not classified as at-risk-of-poverty (AROP). As a result, they fall outside the official consistent poverty measure, which is a combined measure of AROP and deprivation. The report uses...

Digital skills are increasingly essential for full participation in modern life. Yet many low-income families face a dual digital divide: limited access to technology and limited ability to use it effectively. These gaps can undermine adults' ability to support their children's education,...

The rise in inflation in recent years triggered a cost-of-living crisis, in which households' ability to afford basic necessities declined. The cost-of-living crisis disproportionately affected lower income households, with the proportion in material deprivation (i.e. unable to afford basic...

Loneliness poses a serious health risk: Along with negatively impacting life quality, it can even shorten the life span. This Weekly Report investigates loneliness in Germany using Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) data from 2021 on loneliness. The analyses highlight the prevalence of three facets of...

This paper presents estimates of the causal effect of a comprehensive support program for low-income high school students on crime. The program, called Pathways to Education, bundles a number of supports including regular coaching, tutoring, group activities, free public transportation tickets...

The report is organized into six main sections. The first section provides an overview of the context in Edo. Section two summarized the central interventions part of EdoBESST and how they are based on the available evidence. Section three assesses the impact of interventions in terms of outputs...

This note provides guidance for policymakers, World Bank country teams, and development practitioners to enhance the quality, affordability, and sustainability of home-based childcare (HBC) services in low-income settings. It outlines a comprehensive approach to recognizing HBC as a public good...

Steigende Energiepreise stellen insbesondere vulnerable Einkommensgruppen vor große Herausforderungen. Aus sozialen Erwägungen können deshalb speziell darauf abzielende Unterstützungsmaßnahmen argumentiert werden. In Österreich wurden infolge der Energiekrise eine Reihe von Maßnahmen zur...

The shift of employment towards sectors driving the twin (green and digital) transition, alongside longterm demographic trends and geo-political shocks, will influence all professions and sectors, affecting skill requirements. Apart from green and technical skills, transversal and social skills,...

The social stress experienced by an individual from having a low relative income or from having a low income-based rank is a derivative of the individual's location in social space, and is the outcome of unfavorable comparisons with other individuals in that space. (The term social space stands...

The main phases of any housing project are planning, design, execution, regulation, and use. All the stakeholders involved in each phase can impact the project's status and progress. The study has explored the dynamics of acquiring five fundamental housing resources, i.e., physical, financial,...

We study the effect of Department of Justice lawsuits in the 2010s against large lenders for alleged fraud in the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) mortgage insurance program. The suits led to more than $5 billion in settlements and caused targeted banks and their peers to precipitously exit...

Many industrialized countries have recognized the need to mitigate energy cost increases faced by low-income households by fostering the adoption of energy-efficient technologies. How to meet this need is an open question, but “behavioral insights” are likely components of future policy...

Background Federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) are integral to the U.S. healthcare safety net and uniquely situated in disadvantaged neighborhoods. The 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) invested $2 billion in FQHC stimulus during the Great Recession; but it remains...

This paper studies intergenerational income mobility using register data for 630,000 Danish children and their parents. We document substantial mobility differences across parents' income levels. Decomposing the mobility estimates shows that for children from low income families,...

Many industrialized countries have recognized the need to mitigate energy cost increases faced by low-income households by fostering the adoption of energy-efficient technologies. How to meet this need is an open question, but "behavioral insights" are likely components of future policy designs....

The outlook for Low-Income Countries (LICs) is gradually improving, but they face persistent macroeconomic vulnerabilities, including liquidity challenges due to high debt service. There is significant heterogeneity among LICs: the poorest and most fragile countries have faced deep scarring from...

This research note offers several complementary views that go beyond income poverty, using the most recent (2020) EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data, a survey that provides official poverty statistics in the EU. The study first estimates subjective poverty (SP), which...

The social stress experienced by an individual from having a low relative income or from having a low income-based rank is a derivative of the individual's location in social space, and is the outcome of unfavorable comparisons with other individuals in that space. (The term social space stands...

The question of whether 21st-century urbanization dynamics are leading to a suburbanization of poverty in Western city regions has been on the agenda of spatial researchers and housing policymakers for over a decade now. Persistent reurbanization trends are putting increased pressure on...