This paper focuses on an empirical analysis of the relationship between investing and saving, taking into account various economic regions. The economic aggregates are selected following the International Monetary Fund (IMF) standard classification. The investigation is developed within the...

This Note describes methods for estimating potential fiscal savings across five spending categories—the wage bill, pension payments, capital spending, purchases of goods and services, and social protection spending. The primary methodology compares a country’s spending levels to specific...

This study analyzes the determinants of gross saving in Jordan over the period 1991-2023, with particular attention paid to the role of macroeconomic and demographic factors in shaping saving behavior. The empirical analysis employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing...

This qualitative study explores the construction of financial literacy in the context of retirement among young women in Israel, in light of available cultural schemas. The research challenges economic models that rely solely on assumptions of rationality and self-interest, offering a...

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed significant vulnerabilities in public-sector administrative capacity, particularly in the implementation of crisis-related state aid schemes. Under conditions of extreme workload, time pressure, and legal constraints, administrative processes became critical...

This paper provides an evidence-based assessment of the EU supervisory landscape by combining a comprehensive mapping of supervisory models and authorities with an analysis of capital market players across key sectors, including market infrastructures, asset management, and crypto-asset service...

This paper analyzes the impact of the age structure of the population on the household saving rate using time-series data for Japan for the 1955-2019 period. It finds that there is a cointegrating relationship between Japan's household saving rate and her dependency ratio (the ratio of the...

Population aging in middle-income economies produces macroeconomic and distributional consequences that aggregate frameworks cannot detect. This paper develops a multi-household CGE model calibrated to a 26-sector Social Accounting Matrix for Thailand (2024) and traces the labor, saving, and...

This paper investigates the determinants of saving behavior—both formal and informal—using individual-level data from the 2021 Global Findex database, covering more than 139,000 adults across 138 countries. The analysis employs a Heckman selection model to distinguish between the decision to...

Reliable statistics on the distribution of wealth - and how this has changed over time - are essential for informing a range of policy debates. Unfortunately, current official statistics from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) do not provide a coherent or consistent guide to how wealth is...

The IFS Deaton Review has been a major interdisciplinary project studying the causes and consequences of inequalities. The Review has studied inequalities related to education, health, income, wealth, political power, geography, gender, ethnicity and social mobility. This report draws lessons...

Governments frequently use lottery-like incentives to encourage socially desirable behavior ("Pigouvian lotteries"). We study lotteries that encourage retirement savings in a nationwide field experiment with over 380,000 participants in Colombia's public pension system. Lotteries increase...

We document empirically the money demand by European non-financial corporations by exploiting a unique and brand-new survey on their cash usage in a stress period. We also assess: (i) the relation between cash held and firm size; and (ii) estimate point values of cash holdings and carry out...

Given the importance of the transport sector for greenhouse gas emissions, both behavioral change will be needed to mitigate climate change in addition to technological innovation. We focus on the case of remote working as a less carbon-intensive substitute to commuting and analyze whether...

We analyze how pension wealth influences retirement timing using 25 years of Danish administrative panel data on wealth and labor market status. Exploiting early-career variation in firm-specific mandatory pension contribution rates, we study labor supply decisions from age 55 onward. Greater...

This paper studies household consumption behavior when saving motives differ due to preference or income risk heterogeneity. I show that self-insurance operates along two margins: a standard liquidity margin determined by the level of current resources and an intertemporal margin governed by...

Under dominant-currency pricing—where many export prices are set in dollars—the real exchange rate allocates export windfalls between producers and consumers. When the real exchange rate is stable, rising dollar export revenues pass through nearly one-for-one into higher real local-currency...

Despite automatic enrolment in work pension schemes, private saving for pensions in the UK is relatively low, with most people under-pensioned in later life and reliant on the state pension. In this book, Hayley James shows that equally significant is that women save far less for old age than...

Low-income individuals are unlikely to save relatively large sums on a regular basis; however, many still fall short of even the modest threshold required for long-term financial security. This study examines the determinants of benchmark-defined undersaving among retail e-payment agents (REAs)...

I study how the cognitive demands of financial planning shape household decisionmaking with respect to consumption out of windfall income shocks. I build a quantitative model of bounded rationality in which reoptimization is costly. Households respond to windfall income shocks by choosing a...

We analyze how pension wealth influences retirement timing using 25 years of Danish administrative panel data on wealth and labor market status. Exploiting early-career variation in firm-specific mandatory pension contribution rates, we study labor supply decisions from age 55 onward. Greater...

Savings play a critical role in both individual financial well-being and economic development. This article examines the impact of financial literacy, income, educational level, and age on saving decisions across 136 countries, using data from the Global Financial Inclusion Database (2021) and...

This paper examines the channels through which countries smooth income volatility, emphasizing the distinct roles of public and private saving across levels of development and macroeconomic characteristics. Using a panel of 134 countries over 1990–2023 and an accounting-based decomposition of...

Chile combines high income levels and strong human development outcomes with persistent inequality. This paper examines the country's social protection matrix, focusing on its institutional configuration, financial structure, and main outcomes. The analysis distinguishes three core components-...

Chapter 1. Introduction to Essays on Global Regionalism (Vol. II): Will Regions Save the World? -- Part I: Global Perspectives -- Chapter 2. Are you NUTS? A United Nations of Regions -- Chapter 3. United Nations Law and Global Regionalism -- Chapter 4. United Regions: Exploring the Impact of...

Using Danish register data, we study whether individuals save enough to maintain almost all (90%) of their pre-retirement consumption. We find that 85 percent do, largely due to mandatory labour market pension contributions. The remaining 15 percent are less likely to have mandatory pension...

Using household survey data linked to supervisory data of Dutch pension funds, we provide evidence of the increase in household savings caused by shocks to the financial position of pension funds. Our identification strategy exploits cross-sectional and time variations in pension funds' funding...

Recessions are often accompanied by heightened uncertainty. We build an imperfect-information New Keynesian model in which procyclical information quality generates endogenous countercyclical uncertainty, and the nonlinear structure allows for a precautionary saving motive. We show theoretically...

We study the transmission of rising interest rates to consumption using granular customer data from a major bank in Denmark. We show that households with adjustable-rate mortgages gradually reduced spending and increased deposits as market rates soared in 2022 but made no further spending cuts...

This paper studies families' capacity to pay for college in the United States, focusing on changes over time and differences by race and socioeconomic status. I use data from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) to document changes over time in the Expected Family Contribution...

In this report, we consider policies to help people appropriately manage their defined contribution (DC) pension wealth through later life. We draw on evidence in a report published alongside this one (Boileau, Cribb and Emmerson, 2025), which sets out key information on the landscape in which...

This report is one of two reports on the management of pension wealth in retirement conducted as part of the Pensions Review, led by the Institute for Fiscal Studies in partnership with the abrdn Financial Fairness Trust. In this report, we examine the decisions that older individuals face as...

The study examines the shift in taxation of open-ended fixed-income funds in Brazil from a realization basis to an accrual basis (locally known as come-cotas), which was introduced in 1998 and more recently extended to include private closed-end funds and offshore trusts through the enactment of...

Mobile air-conditioning (MAC) systems represent a significant source of energy consumption in passenger vehicles, particularly under real-world operating conditions. Improving the efficiency of these systems is crucial for enhancing overall energy performance while ensuring occupant comfort....