In the United States, licenses are required for entry into many different occupations. Requirements vary by state and occupation, but many licenses require a minimum number of training or instructional hours. We consider the impact of these hours requirements on students and postsecondary...

Die Digitalisierung verändert auch im Handwerk Arbeitsmittel und -prozesse, die Möglichkeiten der Kundenakquise und Geschäftsmodelle. In der vorliegenden Studie werden die Auswirkungen dieses Wandels auf die Anwendbarkeit der Handwerksordnung und die Adäquanz der rechtlichen...

Die Digitalisierung verändert auch im Handwerk Arbeitsmittel und -prozesse, die Möglichkeiten der Kundenakquise und Geschäftsmodelle. In der vorliegenden Studie werden die Auswirkungen dieses Wandels auf die Anwendbarkeit der Handwerksordnung und die Adäquanz der rechtlichen...

Veränderte Handwerksstrukturen führen zu differenziertem Flächenbedarf für die verschiedenen Erscheinungsformen der Handwerksbetriebe. Andererseits resultieren aus gewandelten flächen- und standortbezogenen umwelt- und städtebaurechtlichen Anforderungen Restriktionen für die Entwicklung...

Der Mangel an Fachkräften stellt Unternehmen je nach Größe und Lage (von Metropolregion bis zur dörflichen Lage) vor unterschiedliche Herausforderungen. Das betrifft viele unterschiedliche Gesichtspunkte. Neben der beruflichen Qualifikation spielt bei der Anwerbung von Fachkräften aus...

Veränderte Handwerksstrukturen führen zu differenziertem Flächenbedarf für die verschiedenen Erscheinungsformen der Handwerksbetriebe. Andererseits resultieren aus gewandelten flächen- und standortbezogenen umwelt- und städtebaurechtlichen Anforderungen Restriktionen für die Entwicklung...

Der Mangel an Fachkräften stellt Unternehmen je nach Größe und Lage (von Metropolregion bis zur dörflichen Lage) vor unterschiedliche Herausforderungen. Das betrifft viele unterschiedliche Gesichtspunkte. Neben der beruflichen Qualifikation spielt bei der Anwerbung von Fachkräften aus...

Many governments have spent much of the past decade trying to extend a helping hand to informal businesses by making it easier and cheaper for them to formalize. Much less effort has been devoted to raising the costs of remaining informal, through increasing enforcement of existing regulations....

The majority of firms in most developing countries are informal. The authors of this paper conducted a field experiment in Sri Lanka that provided incentives for informal firms to formalize. Offering only information about the registration process and reimbursement for direct registration costs...

The Government of Rwanda has introduced several reforms since 2009 that have significantly improved the domestic business environment. One of the reforms is the one-stop shop for business registration. Making use of newly available administrative data sources such as tax and company...

We conducted a field experiment in Belo Horizonte, Brazil to test which government actions work to encourage informal firms to register. We find zero or negative impacts of information and free cost treatments and a significant but small increase in formalization from inspections. The local...

The Government of Rwanda has introduced several reforms since 2009 that have significantly improved the domestic business environment. One of the reforms is the one-stop shop for business registration. Making use of newly available administrative data sources such as tax and company...

We conduct a field experiment in Sri Lanka providing informal firms incentives to formalize. Information about the registration process and reimbursement of direct costs has no effect. Payments equivalent to one-half to one month (alternatively, 2 months) of the median firm's profits leads to...

Many governments have spent much of the past decade trying to extend a helping hand to informal businesses by making it easier and cheaper for them to formalize. Much less effort has been devoted to raising the costs of remaining informal, through increasing enforcement of existing regulations....

A field experiment in Sri Lanka provides informal firms incentives to formalize. Information about the registration process and reimbursement of direct costs does not increase registration. Payments equivalent to one-half to one month (alternatively, two months) of the median firm's profits...

Many governments have spent much of the past decade trying to extend a helping hand to informal businesses by making it easier and cheaper for them to formalize. Much less effort has been devoted to raising the costs of remaining informal, through increasing enforcement of existing regulations....

Many governments have spent much of the past decade trying to extend a helping hand to informal businesses by making it easier and cheaper for them to formalize. Much less effort has been devoted to raising the costs of remaining informal, through increasing enforcement of existing regulations....

The majority of firms in most developing countries are informal. We conducted a field experiment in Sri Lanka which provided incentives for informal firms to formalize. Offering only information about the registration process and reimbursement for direct registration costs had no impact on...

The majority of firms in most developing countries are informal. The authors of this paper conducted a field experiment in Sri Lanka that provided incentives for informal firms to formalize. Offering only information about the registration process and reimbursement for direct registration costs...

We conduct a field experiment in Sri Lanka providing informal firms incentives to formalize. Information about the registration process and reimbursement of direct costs has no effect. Payments equivalent to one-half to one month (alternatively, 2 months) of the median firm's profits leads to...

The majority of firms in most developing countries are informal. We conducted a field experiment in Sri Lanka which provided incentives for informal firms to formalize. Offering only information about the registration process and reimbursement for direct registration costs had no impact on...

The majority of firms in most developing countries are informal. We conducted a field experiment in Sri Lanka which provided incentives for informal firms to formalize. Offering only information about the registration process and reimbursement for direct registration costs had no impact on...

Mit seiner rechtshistorischen Untersuchung zum weiten Feld der Handlungsformen der öffentlichen Gewalt im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert bildet die Studie eine gut zugängliche und sorgfältig bearbeitete Analyse, die weniger den Schwerpunkt auf den Verwaltungsakt, sondern auf das Privileg legt. Der...

"Politically adrift, alienated from Weimar society, and fearful of competition from industrial elites and the working class alike, the independent artisans of interwar Germany were a particularly receptive audience for National Socialist ideology. As Hitler consolidated power, they emerged as an...

What is the impact of firm entry regulation on sustained entry into self-employment? How does firm entry regulation influence the performance of long-living entrants? In this paper, I address these questions by exploiting a natural experiment in firm entry regulation. After German reunification,...

What is the impact of firm entry regulation on sustained entry into self-employment? How does firm entry regulation influence the performance of long-living entrants? In this paper, I address these questions by exploiting a natural experiment in firm entry regulation. After German reunification,...

What is the impact of firm entry regulation on sustained entry into self-employment? How does firm entry regulation influence the performance of long-living entrants? In this paper, I address these questions by exploiting a natural experiment in firm entry regulation. After German reunification,...

"This study examines the extent and influence of occupational licensing in the U.S. using a specially designed national labor force survey. Specifically, we provide new ways of measuring occupational licensing and consider what types of regulatory requirements and what level of government...

The Government of Rwanda has introduced several reforms since 2009 that have significantly improved the domestic business environment. One of the reforms is the one-stop shop for business registration. Making use of newly available administrative data sources such as tax and company...

Der Europäische Gerichtshof wird in absehbarer Zeit darüber urteilen, ob das im deutschen Apothekengesetz festgeschriebene Fremdbesitzverbot einen Eingriff in die Niederlassungsfreiheit darstellt bzw. die Freiheit des Kapitalverkehrs beeinträchtigt. Nach europäischem Recht genießen...

The pharmacy sector in many European countries continues to be subject to strict governmental regulations. This consists - depending on the country - of regulations on ownership, business operations, opening hours, personnel, pricing, prohibiting certain sales methods (e.g. mail order), and...