We consider a dynamic setting where two countries with competing claims to a resource/asset first arm and then choose whether to resolve their dispute through war or peacefully through settlement. War precludes international trade and can be destructive, but also locks gains and eliminates...

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325/2000 (UNSCR 1325) is the first UN resolution which addresses the disproportionate impact of armed conflict on women. It stresses the need for women's equal and meaningful participation as active agents in the prevention and resolution of conflicts,...

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325/2000 (UNSCR 1325) is the first UN resolution which addresses the disproportionate impact of armed conflict on women. It stresses the need for women's equal and meaningful participation as active agents in the prevention and resolution of conflicts,...

The Weimar Triangle countries - France, Germany, and Poland - could enhance Europe's defense and strategic autonomy thanks to their complementarities. Germany, enjoying fiscal space, opted for debt-financed rearmament but stagnant voluntary recruitment and sluggish procurement form bottlenecks....

In the 50th year of its existence, the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is more than ever looking for a new role. The war in Ukraine and other conflicts in the OSCE area show how important the work of civil society organi­sations is in times of war and crisis -...

At a time when multilateralism is needed more than ever to address the global challenges and rising geopolitical tensions, paradoxically, the capacity and delegated power of the United Nations (UN) to uphold a rule-based order to keep peace and security is being weakened. Even in an increasingly...

This article analyses aspects of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine in its international context from a game theory perspective, with particular attention to the possible use of the brinkmanship strategy by US President Donald Trump.

Vladimir Putin underestimated the war against Ukraine on several levels, both in terms of the response within Ukraine and, above all, in terms of the response from the US and Europe. What can we learn from this? What policies should Europe pursue? What signals should it send to Putin to prevent...

This paper examines the contending futures of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping through an analysis of key UN publications and interviews conducted in New York in 2024. At a time when peacekeeping faces multiple challenges - including a crisis of trust, diminished legitimacy, and a deadlocked...

The existential catastrophe faced by the population of the Gaza Strip currently looms large in the foreign policy and security debates. The plight of civilians there is par­ticularly acute. Yet, severe crises persist elsewhere too - from Ukraine and Sudan to Myanmar, the Democratic Republic of...

This paper aims at assessing the foreign direct investment inflows to Ethiopia from 2018 to 2022. A qualitative research method is applied to analyze current and relevant documents, government reports, and case studies, obtained through library research. The results indicate that investment...

With the aim of bringing Russia's war of aggression to an end and developing a sustainable post-war peace, Ukraine has advanced its vision of peace (as encompassed in President Zelenskyy's 'peace formula') and the paths that lead to this (as outlined in Ukraine's 10-point peace plan). Other...

With the aim of bringing Russia's war of aggression to an end and developing a sustainable post-war peace, Ukraine has advanced its vision of peace (as encompassed in President Zelenskyy's 'peace formula') and the paths that lead to this (as outlined in Ukraine's 10-point peace plan). Other...

Somalia stands at a critical juncture with notable progress in stabilisation, better governance, billions in debt relief, joining the EAC, liberating territories from al-Shabab, and lifting the arms embargo. Yet, challenges still remain. The analysis reveals that the current aid system,...

Climate change is a priority area in European and broader Western initiatives for global security, with a significant focus on Africa. This paper argues that advancing the climate security agenda in Africa necessitates an approach oriented towards integrating climate adaptation and finance into...

We model a rent-seeking contest among two 'identity ideologues', differentially located along a uni-dimensional identity continuum, and a 'mercenary', who can choose any location in-between. The contest jointly awards an identity-relevant good ('religion') and an identity-irrelevant good...

Blair et al. (2023) examine the effect of UN peacekeeping on democratization in conflict-affected countries. They use fixed effects and instrumental variable estimators and find evidence that "UN missions with democracy promotion mandates are strongly positively correlated with the quality of...

There are still a number of UN arms embargoes in place to prevent the flow of arms and military material into conflict zones. Although the UN Security Council is not generally deadlocked on this issue, it has only taken relevant decisions to re-design the embargoes in a few cases over the last...

We model a rent-seeking contest among two "identity ideologues", differentially located along a uni-dimensional identity continuum, and a "mercenary", who can choose any location in-between. The contest jointly awards an identity-relevant good ("religion") and an identity-irrelevant good...

This study investigates whether including women in peace negotiations has facilitated lasting peace. We argue that female negotiators and the action of women's civil society groups that advocate for gender-related provisions strengthen peace durability. We contend that genderspecific...

The political debate over implementing qualified majority voting (QMV) into the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) is of high political relevance, especially given the shifting geopolitical landscape in Europe, including Russia’s aggression against Ukraine and uncertainties regarding...

On January 5, 2024, UN Secretary-General António Guterres appointed María Ángela Holguín Cuéllar as his Personal Envoy on Cyprus. Her role is to determine the ‘com­mon ground’ from which peace talks can be resumed after standing still since 2017. The shift in Greece-Turkey relations...

The United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan (UNITAMS) was established at the request of Sudan’s government to assist the country’s political "transition" towards domestic peace and democratic governance. Rather then being able to see its mandate through, the Mission...

An economic interpretation of history suggests that war is a continuation of economic rivalry in pursuit of the object of desire in economics – economic rent. For the Middle East, competition for control of its vast oil reserves subjected it to the “natural resource curse” of...

This paper aims to assess the foreign direct investment inflows in Ethiopia despite peace and security challenges in the country with particular emphasis in post 2018 up to 2022.In conducting this study, researcher applied qualitative research method by relying on secondary data. These were...

Trajectories of human conflict have direct and indirect impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function. These occur across terrestrial, marine and freshwater systems via the well-established drivers of biodiversity loss; land and sea-use change, climate change, overexploitation, pollution and...

This paper studies the role of early intervention in peacekeeping missions as a factor that opens the way for violence downscaling. Using negative binomial regressions and coarsened exact matching models, it is shown that both international and regional deployments contribute to reduce violent...