Metal markets are an important but understudied aspect of the global energy transition. This paper demonstrates differential metal price responses to the Paris Agreement based on their role in the energy transition. We use a difference-in-differences design with daily price data from 2001 to...

The fossil-fuel foreign policy of the United States under President Donald Trump has intensified the conflict between petrostates and electrostates in international climate politics. At COP30 in Belém in November 2025, this cleavage was particularly evident in the dispute over a roadmap for the...

The Paris Agreement is designed to increase climate ambition gradually through a process of ratcheting up. What is the plausible endpoint of this process? We develop a tractable integrated assessment model in which countries interact through a decentralized general equilibrium and negotiate...

Global Stocktake is an important component of the global climate governance mechanism. The first Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement in 2023 has clarified collective progress and identified the paths to bridge gaps, but its understanding in the academic and policy communities is not yet...

Countries' current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement leave a substantial gap to the emissions reductions needed to limit global warming to 2°C. Böhringer et al. (2025) showed the large emissions reduction potential of global emissions trading even if...

The present endeavour attempts to assess the impact of increased carbon emissions on the global mean annual temperature by employing an autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) on time series data for 1970-2020. The study aims to predict the expected increase in global mean temperature until...

Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development is one of the objectives of the Paris Agreement. Limiting global temperature rise and achieving resilience goals will not be possible without aligning finance, both in the real...

Rising energy prices and the commitments made under the Paris Agreement have prompted Romanian tourism companies to reconsider implementing sustainable practices and technologies. The Electric Up programme stands out as an essential tool in this regard, contributing to the reduction of...

The 29th Climate Change Conference (COP29) in Baku revealed a shift in the balance of power in international climate politics following the US elections. While China played a constructive role in the negotiations on international climate finance, vulnerable countries were forced to make painful...

All countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have submitted Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) as part of their respective commitments to climate action, and they will start to share updated versions of their NDCs in 2025. While various analyses have documented and analysed the significant...

Das Pariser Klimaabkommen sieht vor, die globale Erderwärmung auf unter 2°C gegenüber dem vorindustriellen Niveau zu begrenzen. Eine Herausforderung, deren Erfolg von der internationalen Kooperation der Mitgliedsstaaten abhängt und noch in weiter Ferne liegt. In diesem Policy Brief zeigen...

The Paris Agreement requires policy makers to keep the increase in global average temperature well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, while pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. Furthermore, it demands finance flows to be consistent with pathways towards low greenhouse gas...

The United States will play a crucial role in global climate protection in what has been called the "super election year" of 2024. After three-and-a-half years of having scored huge successes in climate protection, President Joe Biden could be succeeded by Donald Trump in January 2025, according...

The signatories of the Paris Agreement are required to submit new nationally determined contributions (NDCs) by 10 February 2025, laying out targets for 2035. These third generation NDCs - "NDCs 3.0" - are supposed to serve as comprehensive investment and transformation plans and incorporate the...

The Paris Agreement on Climate Change requests signatory countries to specify voluntary caps on their greenhouse gas emissions. The caps stated by the end of 2021 imply percentage emission reductions that vary widely across countries. This paper uses globally representative data from the Global...

System models help policymakers to produce net zero decarbonization pathways. In 2019, Costa Rica launched its National Decarbonization Plan (NDP) - constructed using a detailed Open-Source energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS-CR) model and simplified ones for non-energy sectors. The country then...

The outcome of the 28th UN Climate Change Conference shows that international co­operation remains possible despite today’s challenging geopolitical situation. Instead of the feared blockade, an agreement was reached for the first time - some three decades after the start of the COP process -...