All the forces of life are subject to change; this is the sole constant. Similar to what everyone had been doing over the previous few years, COVID 19 brought about a change in how people worked, lived, and implemented ideas. Education in India needed to be shaken up, particularly in rural areas...

On the eve of its economic reforms, China achieved a much higher level of secondary education than other countries with a similar per capita income at the time. This study investigates the pre-reform formation of China's human capital by examining a massive rural education expansion program...

An overall picture of the education system in the countryside reveals that there are still schools that are not connected to the drinking water and sewerage systems, where the toilet is in the school yard. There are still schools where children stay in classrooms dressed up with outdoor clothing...

Räumliche Ungleichheiten innerhalb von Staaten haben jüngst an Bedeutung gewonnen, wie die geografische Verteilung von Wahlergebnissen in vielen Ländern zeigt. Das Buch analysiert die Rolle von Indikatoren sowohl für die Messung von räumlichen Disparitäten als auch für die Steuerung...

Chen et al. (2020) claim a positive causal effect of the send-down movement on rural education during China’s Cultural Revolution. Their result hinges on a highly sensitive key variable: education attained by the treatment cohorts, which is found to be treated with upward bias and...

Gong et al. (2021) made additional challenges to our original paper (Chen et al., 2020A) after we made a detailed reply in Chen et al. (2021) to Gong et al. (2020). In this further reply, we use data-based evidence to demonstrate how Gong et al. (2021) misread or/and misinterpreted our paper and...

This paper estimates the effects of the send-down movement during the Cultural Revolution---when about 16 million urban youth were mandated to resettle in the countryside---on rural education. Using a county-level dataset compiled from local gazetteers and population censuses, we show that...

This paper provides an analysis of the rural-urban divide in intergenerational educational mobility in Indonesia with two distinguishing features. First, the estimating equations are derived from theory incorporating rural-urban differences in returns to education and school quality, and...

Chen et al. (2020) claim to have found a positive causal effect of the send-down movement on rural education during China’s Cultural Revolution. The paper also infers that the movement made the contribution of human capital accumulation in rural areas to China's subsequent economic growth in...

This publication is part of the OECD workstream on Preparing Regions for Demographic Change. It elaborates a case study for the Portuguese region of Alentejo and focuses on improving the delivery of educational services taking into account the multi-level governance context. The study highlights...

This paper studies human-capital spillovers and its persistence by exploiting a unique event in modern Chinahe send-down movement. From 1962 to 1979, the Chinese central government mandated the temporary resettlement of roughly 18 million urban youths to rural areas across the country. The...

In a globalized, knowledge-based economy, education and training is of great importance for increasing economic and social progress: an adequately trained workforce can face competition in terms of productivity, quality and innovation. According to Eurostat, Romania allocates less money to...

COVID-19 has put renewed focus on the importance of addressing longstanding challenges that OECD governments face in delivering public services, especially in regions with people spread over a wider area where economies of scale are more difficult to achieve. The physical infrastructure needed...

Mexico's compensatory education program provides extra resources to primary schools that enroll disadvantaged students in highly disadvantaged rural communities. One of the most important components of the program is the school-based management intervention known as AGEs. The impact of the AGEs...

Private behavioral choices and policies that affect the health and nutrition of children have far greater effects on school enroolment and thus on eventual productivity than most literature suggests. Better health and nutrition are thought to improve children's performance in school, and...

An analysis of a field survey to investigate household decisions about schooling in rural Pakistan suggests that hiring more female teachers and providing more primary schools for girls closer to villages will improve the chances of rural Pakistani girls entering school and staying...

The goal of this study is to examine whether promising a Conditional Cash Transfer (conditional on matriculation) at the start of junior high increases the rate at which disadvantaged students matriculate into high school. Based on a randomized controlled trial involving 1,418 disadvantaged...

We examine the effect of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), one of the largest workfare programs in the world, on human capital investment. Since NREGS increases labor demand, it could increase the opportunity cost of schooling, lowering human capital investment even as...

We examine the effect of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), one of the largest workfare programs in the world, on human capital investment. Since NREGS increases labor demand, it could increase the opportunity cost of schooling, lowering human capital investment even as...

We examine the effect of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), one of the largest workfare programs in the world, on human capital investment. Since NREGS increases labor demand, it could increase the opportunity cost of schooling, lowering human capital investment even as...

We examine the effect of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), one of the largest workfare programs in the world, on human capital investment. Since NREGS increases labor demand, it could increase the opportunity cost of schooling, lowering human capital investment even as...

In China führten Reformen seit 1978 zu gewaltigen wirtschaftlichen Umwälzungen, doch die zunehmende Urbanisierung stellt das Land vor große Herausforderungen. Zunächst fehlt für die Produktivitätssteigerung der Industrie ein adäquates ländliches Bildungssystem. Zweitens verbleiben durch...

Human capital investments in Pakistan are performing poorly; school enrollment is low, the high school dropout rate is high, and there is a definite gender gap in education. The authors conducted field surveys in 25 Pakistani villages and integrated their field observations, economic theory, and...

"Mfuko wa Elimu Msingi" - or the Community Education Fund (CEF) - was started in 1995. It was extended as one of the two key components under the Human Resources Development Project (HRDP) launched in 1997. The HRDP is a pilot project undertaken by the Government of Tanzania and financed by a...

Mexico's compensatory education program provides extra resources to primary schools that enroll disadvantaged students in highly disadvantaged rural communities. One of the most important components of the program is the school-based management intervention known as AGEs. The impact of the AGEs...

The Black-White gap in schooling among Southern-born men narrowed sharply between the World Wars. From 1914 to 1931, nearly 5,000 schools were constructed as part of the Rosenwald Rural Schools Initiative. Using Census data and World War II records, we find that the Rosenwald program accounts...

The Black-White gap in completed schooling among Southern born men narrowed sharply between the World Wars after being stagnant from 1880 to 1910. We examine a large scale school construction project, the Rosenwald Rural Schools Initiative, which was designed to dramatically improve the...

Most households in rural Madagascar are engaged in agriculture and derive a large share of their income from the production of food or cash crops and from animal husbandry. However, agricultural yields can be extremely volatile due to weather conditions, pests, insects, rodents and other...