This study investigates the determinants of smallholders' participation in rural off-farm activities, which includes rural non-farm own business and wage employment, and its effect on food shortage, relative deprivation and dietary diversity. To address these objectives, we use a three-wave...

Household income per capita among the rural Yi, Manchurian ethnic minority groups and the Han majority is studied using data from the China Household Income Project 2002, 2013 and 2018. The disparity in total per capita income between the Yi and Han populations narrowed, while the average income...

The Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP) is a World Bank-supported regional program in the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Uganda, Djibouti, and Kenya), which aims to improve access to social services, expand economic opportunities, and enhance environmental management for host...

Mozambique's economy has experienced strong growth over the last two decades, with GDP expanding at an annual average rate of 7.2 percent. However, this growth has been unequally shared and rural areas still lag far behind urban centers in both monetary and non-monetary dimensions of wellbeing....

Mozambique's economy has experienced strong growth over the last two decades, with GDP expanding at an annual average rate of 7.2 percent. However, this growth has been unequally shared and rural areas still lag far behind urban centers in both monetary and non-monetary dimensions of wellbeing....

Using panel data from National Rural Fixed Point Survey and a supplementary survey about rural ICT projects, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of ICTs on rural households’ income and income disparity in China. The results show that ICTs promotes the growth of total income and wage...

This report applies the framework to diagnose the opportunities and constraints faced by the rural economy and households and to assess policy options to address these constraints. The approach builds on four steps. The first step consists in examining the socio-demographic profile and living...

Ethiopia began the decade on a great run, with high economic growth and significant gains in poverty reduction nationally. But the gains were unevenly shared. Multiple shocks at the beginning of the new decade threaten to discontinue progress and possibly undo most of the gains made in the...

Road quality plays an important role, especially in rural areas where most poor households are situated. This study aims to calculate the Rural Access Index (RAI), an indicator of rural road quality (SDG indicator 9.1.1), at the district level, to evaluate the implementation of the Nawacita...

This study examines the potential, initiation, and subsequent development of edutourism in a rural destination located in Bali, Indonesia. It aims to combine the findings from previous studies on the area’s tourism potentials with primary research conducted by the authors, then to analyze the...

The changes in the employment structure in rural China are studied with a focus on off farm self-employment. Data from the China Household Income Project surveys covering the same 14 provinces from 1988 to 2018 are used. We find that the proportion of adults in rural China with self-employment...

What drives livelihood diversification among predominantly rural households in developing countries and how can welfare-enhancing patterns be established and sustained in the long run? A large literature has focused on whether income diversification is a means of survival or a means of...

This study has two-fold objectives. First, analyze the rural income inequality and its decomposition by employment status and education of the household. Second, analyze the income inequality of districts of Pakistan located at the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Theil Index, a member...

This Rural Income Diagnostic (RID) aims to answer the question: "What are the main opportunities and constraints to faster, sustained income growth for poor and vulnerable households in rural Bangladesh" This analysis is motivated by recent evidence highlighting the centrality of rural areas for...

This Rural Income Diagnostic (RID) aims to answer the question: "What are the main opportunities and constraints to faster, sustained income growth for poor and vulnerable households in rural Bangladesh" This analysis is motivated by recent evidence highlighting the centrality of rural areas for...

This poverty assessment aims to inform poverty-focused policymaking in Chad. The report examines recent trends in poverty, inequality, and other social indicators and identifies key constraints on poverty reduction. Although agriculture, pastoralism, and related activities provide livelihoods...

Rural residents' income is one of the core issues of rural economic development, and digital financial inclusion is one of the important influencing factors of rural residents' income. Especially under the background of the implementation of digital financial technology, the relationship between...

We study the evolution of income in India from 2014-19 and find that the lower end of the income distribution has experienced significant losses – the bottom ventile shows not only a decline in income share of ~41%, but also negative real average income growth of -5.5% per annum. We further...

This research carried out to uncover the effect of beekeeping on the income of rural poor and to which extent that market outlet choice affects the income of beekeepers. The findings of Multinomial Logit regression, from 129 questionnaires of 4 districts indicate that there is no relationship...

Over the past four decades, Zimbabwe redistributed vast quantities of arable land to the landless, women and poor communal farmers to reduce inequality. Yet poverty and gender disparity in land ownership have continued to be discernible. It is against this background that this article explores...

While several studies have linked rural welfare with non-farm employment, the available evidence suggests that whether participation in non-farm employment is welfare improving is intrinsically an empirical question. In addition, the existing literature has focused on either food or total...

We study the distribution of income across Indian states for 2014-19 and find significant heterogeneity in income inequality. Particularly concerning in terms of high inequality are states of Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana –...

This study empirically examines the impact of geographic expansion and income diversification on bank stability in Vietnam between 2006 and 2015 using the system generalized method of moments (GMM). The findings show that in general geographic expansion can enhance bank stability while income...

Natural and agricultural resources for which there is a substantial black market, such as coca, opium, and diamonds, appear especially likely to be exploited by the parties to a civil conflict. On the other hand, these resources may also provide one of the few reliable sources of income in the...

In this paper I note the basic paradox of workforce development policy: that, in an era in which skills are more important than ever as determinants of labor market earnings, we spend fewer and fewer public (federal) dollars on workforce development over time. I present trends in funding and how...

The rural villages in India epitomize essence of Indian civilization as it is considered a repository of traditional mores and folkways. Rural villages are the integral part of the nation, not just as places of abode, but as the custodians of culture, tradition and the spit of the nation itself....

We explore the relationship between the level of village inequality in 1986, and the subsequent growth of household incomes from 1986 to 1999. Using a detailed household-level data set from rural China, we find robust evidence that initial inequality is negatively related to subsequent household...

Livelihood insecurity remains a prime concern for low household income countries. To provide secured livelihood to rural poor, the government of India has introduced a self-employment type poverty alleviation programme namely National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM). This paper empirically...

Despite the extensive literature on rural poverty outcome, the labour employment channel has not been carefully investigated for rural Nigeria. The paper used the socioeconomic data from the three waves of the Nigerian General Household Survey Panel (2010/2011, 2012/3013 and 2015/2016 to examine...

This paper examined determinants of income diversification among households in support zones communities of national parks in Nigeria. This involved the use of household data collected through questionnaires administered randomly among 1009 household heads in the study area. The data obtained...

This paper examines measuring the intensity of income diversification and identifying the factors which determine level of income diversification in Asayita woreda Eastern part of Afar region. The study used multi stage sampling in combination with stratified and simple random sampling...

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section two describes the state of the rural population in Sudan, by first discussing the spatial distribution of poverty across the states as well as changes in poverty levels between 2009 and 2014-15. It also describes the profile of poor...

Indonesia has sustained robust growth over a long period, and this has enabled millions of citizens to move out of poverty. Indonesia's gross domestic product (GDP) has risen at an average 5 percent a year since 1990 and 5.3 percent a year after the Asian financial crisis at the end of the...