Meat consumption has come under scrutiny due to its significant ecological footprint. Understanding the determinants of meat consumption is crucial for designing effective interventions to promote sustainable diets. Thus, using results from the representative survey conducted in Latvia, in 2023...

In the 21st century, artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as one of the most important factors with a major impact not only on the productivity and competitive advantage of companies, transforming labour, goods and services, and capital markets, but also influencing the growth of the global...

In the 21st century, artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as one of the most important factors with a major impact not only on the productivity and competitive advantage of companies, transforming labour, goods and services, and capital markets, but also influencing the growth of the global...

This article examines the theoretical foundations of economic forecasting based on DSGE models. DSGE models are the main direction of contemporary macroeconomics theory - the inclusion of the stochastic processes and expectations of economic agents in the analysis of economic processes made them...

This study explores the economic feasibility and long-term potential of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems in multi-apartment buildings across the Baltic States (Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia) through 2050. Using stochastic modeling and Monte Carlo simulations, it uniquely evaluates the...

There were 53 ELD occurrences in Latvia up to the end of 2021. Compared with other Member States, the level of enforcement of national ELD legislation is moderate to good.1 This is due in large part to the implementation and enforcement of national ELD legislation for all land, water and...

Latvia is characterised by a large fleet composed mainly of small-scale coastal vessels. The fishing industry faces challenges due to an ageing fleet and reduced fish stocks. There is little to no demand for the training of fishers in Latvia; therefore, Latvia lacks specialised training...

The Commission carried out a study to look at consumer behaviours concerning food waste and date marking. The study covered over 25000 participants from across all 27 EU Member States, who were asked to report on how they manage food in their daily lives through a survey. Based on their...

This unique insight into the corporate investment in Latvia examines companies' finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2024 edition also provides insight into the pressing issues facing firms, such as climate change, high energy costs and the green transition. The survey, which has...

The VAT Gap represents the difference between expected VAT revenues and those actually collected, reflecting compliance challenges, policy inefficiencies, and enforcement gaps. As part of the European Commission's ongoing efforts to improve VAT compliance and revenue collection, these 27 country...

This case study is an analysis of the cross-border labour market in the EE Lääne-Eesti-LV Pieriga/Vidzeme Region. It studies the dynamics of the cross-border labour market from both a statistical and policy perspective and focuses on the cross-border region as a whole. To compensate for the...

This report documents the work done in the most recent annual update for Latvia. This work was carried out by the EUROMOD core development team, based at the JRC in Seville, in collaboration with the national team.

Overall, government effectiveness in Latvia remains below the average among the European Union Member States (EU‑27) and has decreased since 2019 (before the impact of COVID‑19). The significant government reforms initiated before COVID‑19 were slowed down during the pandemic. Now, the...

The study of wage determinants goes back to the beginning of economic science, with theoretical and empirical foundations providing the basis for the specification of a model of the wage function. Using the OLS method, we study the determinants of real wages for Estonia between 2006Q3 and 2022Q3...

Assessing the adequacy of minimum income benefits for individuals with low or no income is a timely topic, as vulnerable groups face increasing labour market fragmentation and precarious conditions amid economic downturn and inflation. In 2023, there were around 94.6 million people in the EU at...

Six members took part in the visit to Latvia. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), social partners, the media and the legal professions, as well as the Latvian authorities. The aim of this report is to faithfully...

Six members took part in the visit to Latvia. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), social partners, the media and the legal professions, as well as the Latvian authorities. The aim of this report is to faithfully...

The Education and Training Monitor's country reports present and assess the main recent and ongoing policy development at all education levels in the 27 EU Member States. They give the reader more in-depth insight into the performance of a country as regards the EU-level targets agreed within...

The Education and Training Monitor's country reports present and assess the main recent and ongoing policy development at all education levels in the 27 EU Member States. They give the reader more in-depth insight into the performance of a country as regards the EU-level targets agreed within...

The Education and Training Monitor's country reports present and assess the main recent and ongoing policy development at all education levels in the 27 EU Member States. They give the reader more in-depth insight into the performance of a country as regards the EU-level targets agreed within...

The Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM) is a research tool that is designed to identify potential risks to media pluralism in the Member States of the European Union and in Candidate Countries. This narrative report has been produced on the basis of the implementation of the MPM that was carried out...

The JRC has established a strong and productive partnership with Latvia in the fields of safety, chemicals and research on toxicology. Through this collaboration, the JRC has worked closely with Latvia's national authorities, research institutions and other stakeholders to exchange knowledge,...

Latvia is a multi-ethnic country, although the proportion of the different ethnic groups among its population has varied. Ethnic origin is recorded in the population register. It is based on the ethnicity of either of a person's parents and can be changed upon reaching the age of majority by...

The JRC has established a strong and productive partnership with Latvia in the fields of safety, chemicals and research on toxicology. Through this collaboration, the JRC has worked closely with Latvia's national authorities, research institutions and other stakeholders to exchange knowledge,...

This report documents the work done in the most recent annual update for Latvia. This work was carried out by the EUROMOD core development team, based at the JRC in Seville, in collaboration with the national team.

Twenty years ago, Latvia reclaimed its rightful place at the heart of Europe when it joined the EU. Since then, the country has seen positive changes. Our Union has invested in Latvia's economy, its digital future and in its cultural heritage. With support from the EU, Latvia now enjoys better...

This Flash Eurobarometer, 'Public opinion in the EU regions' (FL539), was conducted at the request of the Directorate-General for Communication. The survey is designed to assess the views of EU citizens living in each of 194 individual regions across the 27 EU Member States. The survey was built...

This country report has been developed as part of the 'European Monitor of Industrial Ecosystems' project of the European Commission, Directorate General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs and the European Innovation Council and SMEs Executive Agency. It provides data...

Twenty years ago, our European family grew bigger. On 1 May 2004, the citizens of Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia became citizens of the EU. Overnight, our Union became a greater political, economic and cultural entity, stretching from...

This unique insight into the corporate investment in Latvia examines companies' finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2023 edition also provides insight into the pressing issues facing firms, such as climate change, high energy costs and the green transition. The survey, which has...

This paper studies the impact of relative endowments of skilled labour and physical capital on the location choices of multinational firms (MNEs). We demonstrate potential methodological issues and possible solutions related to the identification of vertical MNE activity when using aggregate...

This paper for the first time calculates the historical regional GDP (rGDP) for an Eastern European country by using the methodology of Frank Geary and Tom Stark [2002. Examining Ireland's post-famine economic growth performance. The Economic Journal, 112(482):919-935]. The estimates cover the...

The Latvian economy contracted with significant disinflation against the backdrop of geopolitical headwinds. Persistent services inflation, driven by strong nominal wage growth amid tight labor markets, keeps core inflation elevated. Productivity growth has failed to match real wage increases,...

Latvia is a parliamentary State, where Parliament is the only legislator. This legislator, however, has the right to delegate legislative functions to the Cabinet of Ministers and to municipalities. Delegated legislative powers always have to be made explicit in the laws adopted by Parliament....

Following the fall of socialism in East and Southeast Europe, widespread destabilisation of living conditions was accompanied by immense skill and cost mismatches. Both of these factors continue to contribute to substantial levels of brain drain, brain waste and de-skilling. We propose and...

This study explores how the System Dynamics modeling approach can help deal with the problem of conventional insurance mechanisms by studying the feedback loops governing complex systems connected to the disaster insurance mechanism. Instead of addressing the disaster's underlying risk, the...

This country report provides a description of the emergence of a health care system under public responsibility in Latvia. The inception of the health care system refers to the first legislation stipulating entitlements to medical care. The report also includes a brief description of major...

The study of wage determinants goes back to the beginning of economic science, with theoretical and empirical foundations providing the basis for the specification of a model of the wage function. Using the OLS method, we study the determinants of real wages for Estonia between 2006Q3 and 2022Q3...