Improper acquisition of genetic resources (GRs) and associated traditional knowledge (TK) without prior informed consent and on mutually agreed terms, in accordance with national laws of the country providing the GR and associated TK, as well as without any fair and equitable sharing of the...

Disputed maritime areas are often sources of valuable natural resources, but they are also often sources of conflict. It is thus important for investors investing in such areas to know the array of investment protection mechanisms available to them. This article examines four such mechanisms...

This article examines the challenges that climate change and sea-level rise pose to certain key aspects of the law of the sea. Sea-level rise is likely to impact maritime baselines, the qualification of maritime features and the entitlements they generate, and ultimately the stability of...

Sovereign rights in Exclusive economic zones and Continental shelves are functionally limited to the economic exploitation of these zones. Moreover, in the case of disputed maritime zones these sovereign rights are neither exclusive nor necessarily constant. Nevertheless, states are still...

Nigeria, a coastal state with a land area of 923,768.64 square kilometers, has a coastline of over 853 kilometers and navigable inland waterways of about 4,000 kilometers. The sea mass affords a veritable medium of transportation and communication. It conversely serves as an object of intense...

There are many cases worldwide where two or more States’ maritime claims over ocean space and marine resources overlap, leading to disputed maritime areas. Many of these disputed maritime areas include rare or fragile marine ecosystems and constitute the habitat of vulnerable species. General...

This study examines the influence of maritime affairs on the development of Indonesian popular songs in the 1980s. During the 1980s period, maritime events and issues became one of the discourses that developed in society. This is inseparable from the burning incident of the Tampomas II ship...

Shipping and distributed ledgers : of paper, code and progress / Andrew Tettenborn -- Blockchain and electronic bills of lading : can revolutionary technology facilitate evolutionary change / John Russell -- Distributed ledger technology and commercial insurance : the beginning of a new era? /...

International maritime industry constitutes one of the areas in which the resource to arbitration and other ADR devices have enjoyed a traditional and far-reaching character. This trend has increased in recent years due both to the highly complex nature of the maritime industry and to the costs...

The decision in the South China Sea arbitration in relation to the interpretation of art 121(3) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea has broad implications for states not party to the case. New Zealand, like many other countries, claims an exclusive economic zone and...

Water and soil, blood and oil demarcating the frontiers of Australia, Indonesia and Timor-Leste / David Dixon -- From laggards to leaders the evolving role of the private actors in the international climate regime / Charlotte Streck -- Shared responsibility or institutional accountability?...

This book discusses to what extent the precautionary approach to fisheries management is reflected in the MSC Fisheries Standard and in the certification of four clusters of fisheries in polar waters. Certification according to private sustainability standards (ecolabelling) has become an...

Inarguably, it is the long-standing jurisprudence for the dualist countries to accept being bound by the laws other than theirs after ratifying and domesticating them. Tanzania, as among common law countries, in relation to the applicability of treaties, follow suit. That being a stand, this...

One of the most significant events in China's history of engaging international law was its legal defeat in the South China Sea Arbitration case. The case was brought by the Republic of Philippines on its disputes with China concerning maritime entitlements in the South China Sea. The relevant...

This paper examines the underlying principles and main elements of binding and non-binding international instruments relating to access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources. It discusses the gap left by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and some of the elements that might...

"In most of the time of its history of over 5,000 years, China was prosperous and influential in the Far East. The international order that it shaped in this region is unique in post- Westphalian terms, but not necessarily inferior. Despite the fact that it claimed to be the "Middle Kingdom" and...

This lecture considers the recent award in the South China Sea arbitration and considers its implications for the region, for the future of law of the sea dispute settlement, and to what extent law may influence the conduct of naval powers. It is the text of a lecture, and is not intended as a...

The Northern Sea Route (NSR) passes through international waters and therefore is subjected to international regimes which encroach upon the regulatory sovereignty of states having stakes in the Arctic. These commitments cover freedom and safety of navigation, delimitation of exclusive economic...

Piracy for ransom remains a significant maritime security threat adversely affecting the interests of the shipping industry, maritime trade and the welfare of seafarers. The profits made by pirates through ransoms have made a number of states, including the UK, argue in favour of an absolute ban...

Canada is a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, having ratified it in 2003. This Convention requires parties to it to make payments in respect of oil production on their continental shelves beyond 200 miles, to an international organization which is then tasked with...

This article discusses the interaction between New Zealand's marine pollution liability regime, which is divided between the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) and the Maritime Transport Act 1994 (MTA), and the country's maritime limitation of liability regime. The former encompasses both...

Tensions between Lebanon and Israel have been running high during the last months due to a legal dispute over rights to newly discovered natural oil and gas reserves in the Mediterranean Sea. Formally at war for years, and without diplomatic relations, Israel and Lebanon have never agreed on a...

Whereas many institutions are in place to govern urban and rural land, maritime areas are less well covered. This situation of a "governance void" has led to uncertainty and conflicts. Thus the South China Sea has become a contested maritime space. In this paper the cultural theory of Oswald...

Unlike Antarctica, the Arctic can boast no region-specific treaty that comprehensively covers the challenges it faces, including potential threats to its marine areas. The Arctic states are, however, subjects of many international and regional legal instruments, most of which fall within the...

Financial relations are defined as a set of social relationships, having economic features, arising from the realization and distribution of monetary resources necessary for carrying out the tasks of the state. There is a close relationship between the development of financial relationships and...

The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, adopted in 2001, addresses rights, jurisdiction and duties of States in the various maritime zones set out in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. This article argues that the manner in which the Convention on...