Project Pine is a joint research study by the New York Fed's New York Innovation Center and the BIS Innovation Hub Swiss Centre that explores if and how central banks can implement monetary policy in a potential future state where the financial sector widely adopts tokenisation in wholesale markets.

We analyze how financial stability concerns discussed during Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meetings influence the Federal Reserve's monetary policy imple- mentation and communication. Utilizing large language models (LLMs) to analyze FOMC minutes from 1993 to 2022, we measure both...

This paper evaluates the relationship between monetary and fiscal policy and the relative effectiveness of macroeconomic stabilization through the lens of Modern Money Theory (MMT). We articulate previously-neglected aspects of monetary sovereignty to offer a new interpretation of the Bernanke...

National Central Banks (NCBs) of the Eurosystem pool profits and losses related to monetary policy operations to form the Eurosystem's so-called 'monetary income'. This is then redistributed - i.e. allocated - among NCBs according to respective capital keys (the participation shares of each NCB...

We exploit the Fed's Treasury purchases conducted from March 2020 to March 2022 to assess whether asset purchases can be tailored to accomplish different objectives: restoring market functioning and providing stimulus. We find that, on average, flow effects are significant in the...

The Eurosystem implements its monetary policy through a set of monetary policy instruments (MPIs). The period covered by this report (2022-23) was dominated by high inflation, which led to a change from an easing to a tightening monetary policy environment in line with the mandate of the...

We study the effects of the Federal Reserve's two Quantitative Tightening (QT) programmes implemented over the last decade. We use a high frequency identification strategy to distinguish between conventional monetary policy shocks, Treasury borrowing announcement shocks and the unwinding of the...

Transcripts from the US Federal Open Markets Committee provide, albeit with a lag, valuable information on the monetary policymaking process at the Federal Reserve Bank. We use the data compiled by Chappell et al. (2005b) on preferred interest rates (not votes) of individual FOMC members....

This study focuses on the pandemic phase when the U.S. economy dealt with significant economic recessionary pressures due to widespread, prolonged social mobility restraints. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) promptly pursued expansionary policies, such as lowering the federal funds rate...

In response to the subprime crisis in 2008, central banks lowered their short rates rapidly, but came up against the zero-interest rate floor. To ensure the liquidity of the financial system, they then decided a Quantitative Easing policy of buying securities massively, mainly government bonds....

The study empirically examines the impact of bank diversification on monetary policy transmission through the bank lending channel. Based on monetary and bank-level data from 2008 to 2018 in Vietnam, a diverse environment of monetary policy tools, results show that bank diversification...

How willing are individual primary dealers to alter their offered yields in central bank quantitative easing auctions of government bonds in order to sell an additional share of the outstanding amount of a bond to the central bank? This question is of great importance for a central bank's...

This paper documents that the ex-ante level of the corporate bond market distress is a good predictor for the pre-FOMC announcement return, subsuming the relevant information of equity market uncertainty highlighted by the previous literature. We compute the orthogonal components of distress and...

Though unconventional monetary policy is still new, already there is a conventional wisdom that the impact of monetary policy is related to the composition of the asset mix. This turns out to be incomplete and potentially misleading. In this paper, we find more complex effects on bank lending...

We utilize the Eurosystem securities lending facilities as a laboratory to investigate the impact of collateral scarcity on market functioning. The reduction of securities lending fees, implemented in November 2020, provides a natural experiment for our analyses. This policy change results in a...

After World War II and prior to the financial deregulation of the 1980s, monetary policy in Sweden as well as in other western European countries rested chiefly on a system of far-reaching non-market-oriented controls of credit flows and interest rates. How was monetary policy conducted in such...

We offer a parsimonious model of the reserve demand to study the tradeoffs associated with various monetary policy implementation frameworks. Prior to the 2007-09 financial crisis, many central banks supplied scarce reserves to execute their interest-rate policies. In response to the crisis,...

Asset-pricing facts on FOMC announcements have changed strikingly in the last decade. The pre-announcement drift has disappeared, and other known facts - the announcement premium and a stronger CAPM - now concentrate on a subset of announcements. We propose these distinct patterns correspond to...

A growing body of evidence suggests that FOMC announcements can affect private sector beliefs about near-term macroeconomic conditions. We measure index option trader beliefs about the short-horizon implications of central bank policy using the return of short-term dividend strips around each...

This paper provides a methodology for estimating FOMC event risk from options and studies how index option markets price FOMC event risk. Using high-quality intraday option data for short maturities we are able to cleanly estimate ex-ante FOMC event risk, avoiding the use of noisy proxies like...