We leverage multimodal large language models (LLMs) to construct a dataset of 306,070 German patents (1877-1918) from 9,562 archival image scans using our LLM-based pipeline powered by Gemini-2.5-Pro and Gemini-2.5-Flash-Lite. Our benchmarking exercise provides tentative evidence that multimodal...

Business dynamism has been slowing globally over the last several decades. In a recent study, Akcigit and Ates (2023) examine the relative importance of different channels behind this development and highlight weakened knowledge diffusion from the technology frontier to followers as a dominant...

How are preferences for innovation formed, and what determines the long-run direction of technological change? This paper shows that early-life exposure to environmental accidents can durably reorient inventive effort decades later, even in the absence of targeted policy. I study radioactive...

This paper develops a novel text-based approach to identify CRM-saving innovation using patent data and studies how mineral price signals shape the direction of technological change. Using patent data from 1978–2020, we distinguish technologies that rely on CRMs from those that explicitly aim...

Exploiting granular European innovation data and the introduction of nexus requirements to patent boxes, I find that tightening access to preferential tax treatment of innovation output reduces inventive activity. A stylized framework and firm-reported constraints both point to internal funding...

Das deutsche Hochschulsystem befindet sich in einem tiefgreifenden Wandel. Das Handlungsfeld des Wissens- und Technologietransfers unterliegt dabei besonderer politischer Aufmerksamkeit. Diese Studie ordnet die Entwicklungen im nationalen und internationalen Vergleich anhand ausgewählter...

This paper studies how World War I mortality shocks to British communities affected long-run innovation. Linking parish-level military deaths to universal patent data (1895-1979) and inventor records, we compare high- and low-mortality areas. A 10 percent increase in deaths reduces the...

We analyze the endogenous formation of patent pools among three patent owners and the associated welfare effects. Under a condition of synergistic three-patent combination, either a unique symmetric equilibrium or infinitely many asymmetric equilibria can arise when patents are fragmented. By...

This study investigates the long-term impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) patent intensity on firms' performance, focusing on innovation-driven competitive advantage. Using a panel of 20 technology-intensive firms from 2013 to 2023, this study employs eXtreme...

This study investigates the relationship between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and innovation inputs in Spanish manufacturing firms. While AI is increasingly recognized as a driver of productivity and economic growth, its role in shaping firms’ innovation strategies remains underexplored. Using...

The target responsibility system of environmental protection, introduced during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, is a key feature of China's environmental regulation policy framework. Guided by the principle of high-quality development, this system addresses the challenge of incentivizing green...

We find that patents registered by multinational enterprises (MNEs) in tax havens help avoid taxes in the EU but fail to increase the total factor productivity (TFP) of EU-located group members. We conclude that many of those patents' prime purpose is not to make technology available and then...

Regional coordinated development necessitates achieving sustained economic growth and balanced development through regional synergy. In the digital economy era, digital knowledge constitutes a critical source of technological progress and represents a significant determinant of regional...

The recent surge in global financial and patent innovations and rising CO2 emissions in the global energy sector have drawn significant attention to China's transportation industry. This study examines how financial innovations (FINI), patent innovations (PTIN), and bioenergy (BIOE) affect CO2...

China's patenting activity has surged over the past two decades, yet questions remain about the quality and sources of innovation. We develop a new method to measure the importance of a patent for innovation, based on the use of a Large Language Model to process patent text data and a new theory...