The 340B Drug Pricing Program was instituted to bolster the health care safety net without relying on taxpayer money. It allows participating health care facilities - most of which are hospitals - to purchase drugs filled at in-house or contracted external pharmacies at discounts from...

This paper develops a novel theory linking quantity discounts to bargaining power in scenarios where retailers, organized as a trade association, negotiate uniform wholesale prices with suppliers. Our theory predicts that suppliers offer greater quantity discounts in regional markets where they...

In recent years, new biotech companies have emerged hoping to cash in on a medical psychedelics market expected to be worth billions. This article examines the business models of two of the largest such companies. According to conventional wisdom, for-profit players are best positioned to...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) disproportionately burdens racial and ethnic minority populations, yet the extent to which US clinical trials reflect this burden remains poorly understood. We conduct a systematic review of all 88 completed US-based Phase III AD drug trials between 1997 and 2023, using...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) disproportionately burdens racial and ethnic minority populations, yet the extent to which US clinical trials reflect this burden remains poorly understood. We conduct a systematic review of all 88 completed US-based Phase III AD drug trials between 1997 and 2023, using...

We leverage the introduction of the first antibiotic therapies in 1937 to examine the long run effects of early childhood pneumonia on adult educational attainment, employment, income, and work-related disability. Using census data, we document large average gains on all outcomes, alongside...

The COVID-19 pandemic posed severe challenges for governments, presenting unknown situations and requiring decisions to be made under unprecedented uncertainty. Scientists responded fast, developing vaccines to mitigate the effects of the disease and improve pandemic management. This study...

We develop a population game with heterogeneous infection-loss types and social-circle mediated prosociality, where altruists internalize expected infection losses within a setting-specific circle. Equilibrium admits closed-form cutoff rules and an aggregate non-vaccination rate that reduces to...

Background: This study examines the degree to which cognitive supply chain management (CSCM) indirectly enhances supply chain risk management (SCRM), addressing the lack of specific empirical research concerning the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. Specifically, this study tests the...

Purpose - The research aims to investigate the factors influencing the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in pharmaceutical industry companies, specifically focusing on its impact on salesforce performance. Design/methodology/approach - We collected research data from pharmaceutical...

This paper reviews almost twenty years of the United Nations Human Rights Council’s (UNHRC) work on access to medicines. The UNHRC has repeatedly framed access to medicines as part of the right to health and has urged States to rely on flexibilities in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of...

We leverage the introduction of the first antibiotic therapies in 1937 to examine the long-run effects of early childhood pneumonia on adult educational attainment, employment, income, and work-related disability. Using census data, we document large average gains on all outcomes, alongside...

The geography of the U.S. opioid epidemic has shifted repeatedly across epidemic waves. After a period in which overdose mortality increasingly burdened rural and suburban communities, the fentanyl era appears to have redirected the crisis toward dense urban cores. Here, we document a post-2015...

By extending the framework presented by Dosi et al. (2023b), we build an evolutionary agent-based model of the pharmaceutical sector featuring a government and a Public Research Lab investing in R&D and innovating across different therapeutic areas. After having empirically validated our...

In the German pharmacy market, strictly regulated prescription (Rx) drug prices coexist with free pricing for over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. This paper investigates the extent of market power in the non-prescription segment (OTC drugs and non-pharmaceuticals) and explores the role of Rx drugs in...

Purpose - The main goal of this paper is to analyze the implementation of pharmaceuticals cost-containment measures in Egypt. Design/methodology/approach - This paper adopts descriptive and analytical techniques to assess the extent of implementing pharmaceutical cost-containment measures in...

Background: The primary objective of this study is to investigate the influence of big data analytics (BDA) on supply chain (SC) risk, SC ambidexterity, and SC resilience. It further examines the effects of SC risk and SC ambidexterity on SC resilience and explores their mediating roles in the...

Market definition is fundamental to EU competition law. It serves as a preliminary step in assessing dominance, anti-competitive conduct, and merger control. With respect to the pharmaceutical sector, traditional approaches to defining the relevant market face specific hurdles. Therapeutic...

(1) Background: Any disturbance in the pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) can disrupt the supply of medicines and affect the efficiency of health systems. Due to shortages in the global pharma supply chain over the past few years and the complex nature of free trade and its limitations when...

The COVID-19 pandemic and war in Ukraine have highlighted the dependence of the European Union (EU) on individual trading partners. One of the tasks of the European Commission’s new Directorate-General, the Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA), established in 2021, will...

Background In their interesting systematic review, Gallehzan et al. quoted our article Cost-utility analysis of teriflunomide in naïve vs. previously treated patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in Italy. While we are grateful to Gallehzan et al. for their interest in the...

Community pharmacies deliver high-quality health care and are responsible for medication safety. The goal of the government is to ensure nationwide, accessible, and affordable medical health-care services provided by pharmacies. Therefore, the per capita density of community pharmacies matters....

Cervical cancer, primarily caused by persistent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women in developing countries. Although HPV vaccines are widely available in these regions, vaccine uptake remains persistently low. To address...

Patients in rural areas have higher rates of opioid use and overdose than those in urban areas that are linked to the greater prevalence and amounts of opioids prescribed. We merge individual claims data with county-level supply and demand factors to examine this relationship between...

Background: The supply chain refers to the full process of creating and providing a good or service, starting with the raw materials and ending with the final customer. It requires cooperation and coordination between many parties, including the suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers,...

This Research Paper addresses the growing problem of access to essential medicines, focusing on the role of intellectual property rights, particularly patent rights, in restricting access by enabling pharmaceutical market monopolies that keep drug prices high. The paper explores the Bolar...