We quantify the total stock of balances eligible for the 2022 federal student loan forgiveness policy and explore which groups benefit most. Roughly $441 billion in balances are eligible for forgiveness, which would leave almost 40 percent of federal borrowers with no remaining balance. The...

We use an agent-based stock-flow consistent model of a closed economy without technological change that considers different classes of households, status consumption and a Minskyan banking sector to analyze the relationship between rising saving rates, the accumulation and distribution of...

This paper studies the consumption response to an increase in the domestic value of foreign currency household debt during a large depreciation. We use detailed consumption survey data that follows households for four years around Hungary's 2008 currency crisis. We find that, relative to similar...

We study how monetary conditions change the supply by banks of mortgage credit to households. We exploit the widespread presence of foreign currency mortgages in Hungary and study this country's comprehensive credit registry. Changes in monetary conditions not only affect the supply of credit in...

This paper examines the usefulness of logit regression in forecasting the consumer bankruptcy of households using an imbalanced dataset. The research on consumer bankruptcy prediction is of paramount importance as it aims to build statistical models that can identify consumers in a difficult...

Against the background of the need for alternative and additional financing channels for SMEs in Europe, this paper analyses the market segment of debt funds and provides comprehensive insight into ESG considerations in the lending strategy of private debt funds. The paper is based on the...

This article looks at over-indebtedness in Germany and its current status and trends. COVID-19 created increased attention on private debt and over-indebtedness. Various studies within the last two years show the severe financial impact of the pandemic; the situation has only eased in phases, but...

The corona pandemic had a considerable impact on consumers. The difficult situation in numerous sectors of the economy has led to financial burdens for many households. Despite repeated warnings announcing significantly increasing debts, the number of new payment arrears during the past two...

Over-indebtedness of private households has been a problem in Germany for decades. Over-indebtedness depends on both the economic and financial vulnerability of people and their resilience potential. Social, economic and individual causes and triggers overlap in the process of over-indebtedness....

This article describes the development of the needs-weighted net household income of persons in private households in Germany since the year 2000. It also focuses on the presentation of the prevalence and amount of credit debts of private households. The central result is that the share of...

Eine Stärkung der Sozialen Schuldnerberatung in Deutschland ist sozial und ökonomisch sinnvoll. Mit vier Ansatzpunkten könnte diese Stärkung bewirkt werden. Ob und, wenn ja, welche dieser Ansatzpunkte in den nächsten Jahren realisiert werden können, hängt allerdings wesentlich vom...

Dieser Report analysiert die steigenden Risiken auf dem chinesischen Finanzmarkt und die aktuellen Spannungen auf dem chinesischen Immobilienmarkt. Seit der Einführung der sogenannten drei roten Linien und der Verschärfung der Regelung zu den Kreditaufnahmen für die Unternehmen sind einige...

We specify and estimate a lifecycle model of consumption, housing demand and labor supply in an environment where individuals may file for bankruptcy or default on their mortgage. Uncertainty in the model is driven by house price shocks, education specific productivity shocks, and catastrophic...

This paper examines the determinants of the income share of wage earners in the nonfinancial, private sectors of Greece since its introduction to the Eurozonein 1999. The main outcome of the integration of Greece into the Eurozone has been the financialisation of its economy, which has been...

Household debt has increased significantly since the second half of the 20th century, making it one of the cornerstones of household financial behaviour. It is, however, necessary to monitor that indebtedness does not spiral out of control, as it can have negative consequences both at the micro...

This paper analyzes the costs and benefits of a no-fault-default debt structure as an alternative to the typical bankruptcy process. We show that the deadweight costs of bankruptcy can be avoided or substantially reduced through no-fault-default debt, which permits a relatively seamless transfer...

We use cross-state differences in minimum wage (MW) levels and county-level consumer bankruptcy rates from 1991-2017 to estimate the effect of changes in minimum wages on consumer bankruptcy by exploiting policy discontinuities at state borders. We find that Chapter 7 bankruptcy rates are...

Unsecured borrowing plays an important role for consumers in smoothing consumption. Each year, almost 40% of U.S. households have credit card debts and 4% borrow using a high-cost payday loan. This paper aims to explore the similarities and differences between both types of borrowers. Using the...

How do financial frictions affect household borrowing and default behavior? To what extent does frictional financial intermediation influence the welfare implications of consumer bankruptcy regulations? To quantitatively address these questions, I develop an Aiyagari-type model with consumer...

The paper presents the methodology and the main results of the Household Finance Survey 2009, which was conducted by the Bank of Greece as part of the first wave of the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS). According to the survey, the indicators of indebtedness of Greek...

The paper uses data from the household survey conducted by the Bank of Greece in 2007 and investigates how various socioeconomic characteristics of households, such as income and wealth, household size, the age, education level and tenure of employment of the household head, are related with the...

This paper assesses the level of households’ indebtedness and their financial stress using the results of a specific household survey conducted for this purpose in late 2002 - early 2003 by the Bank of Greece. The study also investigates the extent to which demographic and socio-economic...

We use monthly panel data on 1.3 million individuals to obtain impulse responses of consumption to debt changes. We find a stronger positive correlation between household leverage and a change in contemporaneous spending during the COVID-19 pandemic than the pre-pandemic period. Moreover, the...