This article describes the evolution of the regulation of agricultural trade and analyses key aspects of the negotiations of the Uruguay and Doha Rounds, in which the least developed countries managed to make the final outcome of the negotiations conditional on progress in the liberalisation of...

This paper scrutinizes the effects of the European Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market on platform competition in media markets. Platforms that are Online Content-Sharing Service Providers must have a license agreement with collective management organizations that control the...

The five decades that have passed since Marcos declared martial law is an opportunity for stocktaking relative to the present. This piece is a summary comparison of the character of the economy that existed under the Marcos regime and the current structure and problems experienced by the...

We study infant industry protection using a dynamic model in which the industry's cost is initially higher than that of foreign competitors. The industry can stochastically lower its cost via learning by doing. Whether the industry has transitioned to low cost is private information. We use a...

The trade war initiated by the Trump administration is the largest since the US imposed the Smoot-Hawley tariffs in the 1930s and was still raging when he left office. We analyze how the trade war impacted the 2020 US Presidential election. Our results highlight the political salience of the...

We study the impact of US presidential election TV debates on intraday exchange rates of 96 currencies from 1996 to 2016. Expectations about protectionist measures are the main transmission channel of debate outcomes. Currencies of countries with high levels of bilateral foreign trade with the...

At the height of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in fall 2008, the Belgian government increased the coverage limits of its deposit guarantee to restore faith in its banking system, protect savers and depositors, and safeguard financial stability. Belgium joined the European Union’s (EU)...

Europe's trade policy is heading for a sea change. But it is not Putin’s war of aggression against Ukraine that is the main reason for this development. Rather, there are long-term influencing factors at work here: the WTO-centred multilateral trade order is visibly eroding. Protectionism is...

This research is interested to observe from a multi-dimensional perspective the consumption effects (domestic consumption), production effects (domestic production), trade effects (imports), and revenue (government) under different tariffs simultaneously. We introduce a new model is entitled...

The chapter focuses on the toolbox of trademark law to map the tensions between cultural heritage and intellectual property protection and to explore to what extent trademarks offer useful, albeit imperfect ways, to protect cultural heritage. The chapter then addresses the questions of whether...

President Bush imposed safeguard tariffs on steel in early 2002. Using US input-output tables and a generalized difference-in-difference methodology, we analyze the local labor market employment effects of these tariffs depending on the local labor market's reliance on steel as an input and as...

Local protectionism disrupts buyer-supplier chains, since it requests local firms to buy the outputs of other local firms as inputs. Hence, it is an important factor for firms' location choices, as buyer-supplier chains affect profitability. I study how local protectionism shapes the spatial...

Donald Trump, the former President of the U.S., shook the world trade system by imposing a significantly high rate of tariffs (up to 25%) on most of the Chinese imports in 2018 and high tariffs on U.S. imports of steel (25%) and aluminum (10%). Based on the empirical analysis conducted in our...

This paper tries to identify the trade protection measures implemented by Sri Lanka from independence to date. Special emphasis is given to the period from 1995 to 2019, since the WTO was created on 1 January 1995 , and member countries started to operate according to binding rules and...

Purpose: This study constructs a quantitative tool that can interpret the effects of trade protectionism on trading partners. Design/methodology/approach: Trade protectionist policies are a crucial phenomenon of international political economy. The existing literature has analyzed the...

We investigate how firms adapt to trademark protection, an extensively used but underexamined form of IP protection, by exploring a historical precedent: China’s trademark law of 1923—an unanticipated and disapproved response to end foreign privileges in China. By exploiting a unique, newly...

This paper proposes a theory that predicts low levels of protection during periods of "normal" trade volume coupled with episodes of "special" protection when trade volumes surge. This dynamic pattern of protection emerges from a model in which countries choose levels of protection in a repeated...

With this article I intend to provide a study of pharmaceutical trademarks mainly under European Union trademark legislation. Compared to other kinds of trademarks, the pharmaceutical ones present a particular set of legal problems. Among these, I address four specific issues that I consider to...

This paper studies the distributional costs to US consumers of country-specific tariffs. By linking detailed household purchase records with a barcode-specific country-of-origin, I estimate a demand model with both detailed consumer heterogeneity and rich import substitution patterns in the face...

Policymakers often intervene in markets to protect domestic producers against foreign competitors. Two such interventions are import tariffs and production subsidies, both of which are, in general, costly. Tariffs on foreign producers, while generating revenues for the policymaker, may impose...

This study investigates a free-rider problem in long-term relationships, where, due to its non-excludable nature, each player attempts to seek loopholes to impose the burden of cooperation on other players. The players establish a committee that demands that each player select an action as...

This paper uses the product-level data from 1997 to 2015 to analyze whether the trade policy substitution hypothesis is applicable to China. Our empirical research shows that there is a substitution relationship between China's temporary trade barriers and tariff reductions. Additionally, this...

What is the impact of trade policy in developing countries? We address the question in the context of interwar India, whose trade policies have been accused of harming British export interests. We quantify the impact of trade policy on the value and composition of Indian imports, using novel...

The need for protecting traditional knowledge (TK) has been acknowledged in discussion and negotiations under the umbrella of a number of inter-governmental organizations that deal with biodiversity, the environment, indigenous peoples’ rights, human rights, food and agriculture, among others....

Using club-level data on domestic-league and international points from 73 countries, this paper achieves a policy evaluation of country-specific regulations regarding soccer success. The results show that restrictions on foreign direct investment reduce international competitiveness of clubs,...