The efficacy and fairness of cash bail in promoting public safety has been a prominent policy question in recent years, but it is difficult to rigorously estimate the effects of bail, particularly at the state level, because of a lack of exogenous variation. California responded to the COVID...

Racial disparities within the criminal justice system continue to be a pressing issue in the U.S. In this paper, we analyze data for almost four million stops by California's fifteen largest law enforcement agencies in 2019, examining the extent to which people of color experience searches,...

This study uses survey data on small business loans granted 2022 -2023 to explore racial disparities in the terms of loans to small firms. Similar data has not been available since the 2003 Survey of Small Business Finances (SSBF). We find that for Hispanic-, Asian American- and Black-owned...

This study investigates how institutional rules and fairness in enforcement affect cooperation and compliance in heterogenous groups. In a preregistered online experiment (n = 1, 254), we vary both the existence of a rule governing contributions to a public good as well as whether enforcement of...

The article "Cryptocurrency Regulation in the US and the Czech Republic: A Comparative Analysis of Enforcement and Effectiveness" examines the regulatory frameworks in both countries as they address the rising risks of fraud associated with crypto-assets like cryptocurrencies and Non-Fungible...

Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores serve as an index that indicates the extent to which listed companies operate an eco-friendly and cleaner production process, are responsible to society, and are transparent and accountable with their shareholders and investors. This study...

This paper investigates the effects of competition laws and regulations on manufacturing firms productivity in Latin American countries (LACs), addressing a gap in existing research. Leveraging firm-level panel data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys across 14 LAC economies and competition...

The proponents of intellectual property (IP) have increasingly utilized injunctions with indiscriminate propensity as a strategic tool for IP enforcement, resulting in adverse socio-economic implications, including the enjoyment of human rights. This trend has eclipsed the flexibilities provided...

The Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union (DG TAXUD) and the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) have partnered to release annual reports detailing the efforts made by customs, police, and market surveillance authorities to enforce IP rights in the European Union...

Technology has a major impact on the nature of crime. Criminals quickly integrate new technologies into their modus operandi, or build brand-new business models around them. At the same time, emerging technologies create opportunities for law enforcement to counter these new criminal threats....

We evaluate the effects of a large-scale enforcement intervention on formal labor flows. The initiative combined a communication component (an official letter/e-mail sent to registered employers) and a punishment component (face-to-face inspections). Using two identification strategies...

The Forum indicators quantify and measure a number of key activities of the Forum for Exchange of Information on Enforcement. They originate from the system of indicators originally developed by the European Commission to measure the performance of enforcement of REACH and CLP. They have been...

How does Europol make Europe safer? When was Europol founded? How does Europol decide which crime areas to focus on? The latest edition of Europol in Brief answers these questions and more, and explains how exactly the agency works, who works there and what each of Europol's five crime centres...

How does Europol make Europe safer? When was Europol founded? How does Europol decide which crime areas to focus on? The latest edition of Europol in Brief answers these questions and more, and explains how exactly the agency works, who works there and what each of Europol's five crime centres...

Despite the existence of several international minimum standards, national legislations governing criminal IP infringements vary considerably, not just internationally but also across the EU. These differences in national legislative frameworks can sometimes be exploited by IP criminals, and in...

In the EU, non-compliance with statutory or negotiated minimum wages averages 6.93% or 1.3%, depending on the statistics used. The lowest national estimate is 0.01% in Belgium and the highest is 11.59% in Hungary. It mostly affects young workers, those on fixed-term or part-time contracts and...

This document, which is updated on an annual basis, provides an overview of the case-law of national courts with regard to the application of national legislations regulating intellectual property crime (IPC). An IPC is an infringement of intellectual property (IP) rights, such as counterfeiting...

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of how EU law in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) is currently enforced....

On 23 July 2021, the European Commission has adopted a new notice on the enforcement of EU State aid rules by national courts (the "New Enforcement Notice"). The New Enforcement Notice aims at providing: Concrete guidance on the enforcement of State aid rules at national level focusing on cases...

On 23 July 2021, the European Commission has adopted a new notice on the enforcement of EU State aid rules by national courts (the "New Enforcement Notice"). The New Enforcement Notice aims at providing: Concrete guidance on the enforcement of State aid rules at national level focusing on cases...

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of how EU law in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) is currently enforced....

Cryptocurrencies pose substantial challenges to tax enforcement due to their anonymous and decentralized properties, undermining conventional regulatory practices. We study the impact of an ambitious new enforcement initiative aimed at addressing these challenges: domestic third-party reporting...

The proponents of intellectual property (IP) have increasingly utilized injunctions with indiscriminate propensity as a strategic tool for IP enforcement, resulting in adverse socio-economic implications, including the enjoyment of human rights. This trend has eclipsed the flexibilities provided...

Efficient financial systems play a crucial role in promoting economic growth and development. This study explores the impact of judicial efficiency (JE) on financial system efficiency (FSE) and its components, financial institutions efficiency (FIE) and financial markets efficiency (FME), across...