In 2016 the EU granted Ukraine trade preferences in the form of tariff rate quotas (TRQs) for agricul- tural products including sugar under the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement. In June 2022 in response to Russia's attack on Ukraine, the EU extended these preferences to full...

ERM-AE200 is a set of three ethanol materials certified for the deuterium (D) distribution (deuterium-tohydrogen (D/H) amount of substance ratios and the relative deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio), produced within the scope of ISO 17034 accreditation [1] and ISO Guide 35:2017 [2]. The certified...

Taxes on sweetened beverages have been widely adopted in response to increases in diet-related chronic disease. An episode of particular interest occurred in Cook County, Illinois, where a beverage tax was announced, implemented, and then repealed. This paper is the first to estimate the effects...

This paper provides a new foundation of soft drink taxation. We abstract from externalities and internalities previously used to justify such taxation and, instead, emphasize that neither explicit nor implicit markets and prices for sugar content can be expected to emerge. Hence, in the absence...

Background: studies have shown that one potential cause of obesity is excessive sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption; and its health harm is not often fully accounted for when people are making consumption decisions. Objective: to measure the monetary value of harm from excessive SSB...

We develop a simple model to explain why a powerful importer country like the United States may provide political support for international collusive agreements concerning certain commodities (e.g., coffee). This behavior raises questions due to the fact that an importer country should have...

Brands seeking to achieve reduced sugar content in their products generally adjust their product line to include products (i) with lower sugar content, which decreases the brand’s relative sugar content, or introduce (ii) smaller package sizes, which lowers its sugar content per package. Such...

The magnitude of returns to colonial-era investments in Africa has been addressed in an extensive literature, as have the nature and legacies of extractive colonial institutions. However, the link between these institutions and the profitability of firms remains unclear. We reconstruct the...

In observing British pound spot prices and European sugar import prices over the 2004–2016 period, an unusually strong currency-commodity correlation is detected and statistically validated. This correlation is the result of a single firm dominating European refining, effectively fixing the...

This paper provides a new foundation of soft drink taxation. We abstract from externalities and internalities previously used to justify such taxation and, instead, emphasize that neither explicit nor implicit markets and prices for sugar content can be expected to emerge. Hence, in the absence...

Enzymatic hydrolysis is considered to be a restricted step for lignocellulosic bioethanol production at an industrial scale for its high production costs and low efficiency. In this study, a microreactor loaded with cellulase based on co-deposition of dopamine (DA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI)...

We develop a simple model to explain why a powerful importer country like the United States may provide political support for international collusive agreements concerning certain commodities (e.g., coffee). This behavior raises questions due to the fact that an importer country should have...

The sugar industry is a major provider of jobs and income for sugar-exporting countries in Africa. The lower sugar prices that were caused by the recent liberalisation of the EU sugar market may not only jeopardise economic development in those countries, but the reforms also create difficulties...

This study evaluates the effects of the 2018 UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy on soft drinks prices, sales, reformulation activities, and consequently calories consumed. We combine novel electronic point of sale data that cover most of the UK soft drinks market with longitudinal nutritional...

Sugary drinks taxes have been implemented around the world and governments around the world are considering extending these taxes to address concerns about rising obesity. We demonstrate the range of impacts a tax on added sugar and salt could have on purchases of food at home and out of the...

Background: In the U.S., there are income disparities in SSB consumption where lower incomes consume more SSBs. Evidence is limited on whether controlling for price promotions and shopping behaviors would help explain / attenuate the relationship between income and SSB consumption. Alternately,...

A government clamp-down on sugar would be damaging and unnecessaryGovernment intervention in the market can only be justified if there is a market failure and if government action will make a positive difference. This paper looks at several potential failures in the sugar market. These include...

In March 2016, George Osborne announced a ‘sugar levy’ on soft drink companies to start in April 2018. Under this policy, companies will be taxed on sales of medium and high sugar drinks (excluding fruit juice and milk-based drinks). As an anti-obesity policy, the sugar levy seems arbitrary....

Taxing food and soft drinks in the name of obesity is not a new idea. Dozens of jurisdictions have experimented with such taxes over the years, allowing economists to study their impact. The results have consistently showed the following: demand for sugary drinks, snacks and fatty foods is...