Space capabilities are a core element of any modern defence arsenal. In Europe, how­ever, military space capabilities are limited and dependence on the United States remains high. Europe must develop its capabilities in order to reduce dependencies and enhance its capacity to act on its own,...

The increasing complexity and commercialization of the global space sector have elevated the strategic role of public-private partnerships (PPPs). However, the criteria for selecting suitable PPP models remain underexplored, particularly regarding the influence of national policy and market...

Space holds promise for both economic prosperity and the attainment of strategic goals. The EU's future role in space is contingent on fast-changing geopolitical dynamics, which can range from peaceful cooperation to heightened competition or conflict among global powers. Given the importance of...

After a period of pure governmental space activities, financed by public money, space has become a commercial business with an estimated turnover of 660 billion USD in 2024 and an expected growth of more than 1.5 trillion USD by 2035. Space activities have transferred from national prestige...

With investments in outer space growing exponentially and with more states seeking to develop domestic space capabilities, states should be aware of their rights and obligations under international space law and of the potential applicability of investment protection obligations to space...

The aim of the study is to provide a set of policy recommendations for the involvement of civil society in EU space policy. To do so, the first part of the study (Section 2) will provide a comprehensive overview of European space governance and the main actors involved in it, such as the...

Are there too many satellites in Low Earth Orbit, or too few? Why not use a market mechanism such as space launch auctions or orbit auctions to answer this question? This paper contributes to the literature on outer space governance by proposing a novel method of outer space governance: orbit...

Human exploration of outer space has stimulated multiple innovations from both government and private sources. The decision to invest vast sums of money over a short period of time for the moon programs of the 1960s radically increased the level of innovation. Accomplishing this required new...

Der Bericht untersucht die rechtlichen Fragen, die sich im Kontext der mit "New Space" umschriebenen Transformation der Raumfahrt stellen. Den Ausgangspunkt bildet das internationale Weltraumrecht. Aus diesem ergibt sich die staatliche Pflicht zur Genehmigung und Beaufsichtigung...

What would it mean for people to make outer space better rather than worse? Earth-based intuitions about the relationship between humans and the environment often assume that humans are a source of degradation and pollution, and that the best thing humans can do is to leave the environment alone...

Historical And Legal Context Of Space Activities In Mexico -- The Potential Of Mexico's Capabilities In Utilizing Severe Plastic Deformation To Form Al-Li Parts For Aerospace Applications -- Uses And Applications Of Artificial Intelligence And Its Contribution To The Growth Of The Mexican Space...

1. Zero-G Dreams: The Promise of Commercial Space Travel -- 2. Celestial Entrepreneurs: Crafting Business Models Beyond Earth's Atmosphere -- 3. Laws of the Cosmos: Navigating the Space Tourism Legal Landscape -- 4. AI Copilots: Revolutionary Designs for Safer Space Vehicles -- 5. Virtual...

Introduction : The Future of Outer Space Law / Anna Marie Brennan -- From Wagon Trains to Rocket Ships : Frontier Mentalities and Natural Law in Outer Space / Jennifer Brobst -- A Narrative of Space Law : Extra-Textual Extra-terrestrial Law Formation / P.J. Blount -- The Right of Self-Defence in...

Space-related activities are being transformed by NewSpace innovations. The ongoing commercialization of the space sector offers a series of opportunities, from increased funding to support space exploration missions, to assisting with the mitigation of space debris, to digitalization and access...

In this working paper we present and discuss the main directions in the development of the outer space policy with a special focus on the relation between the European countries. The strategic importance of the outer space has been acknowledged during the Cold War and has stayed that way ever...

Chapter 1 An Overview of Space Tourism -- Chapter 2 Space Firms -- Chapter 3 Space Travelers -- Chapter 4 Space Travel Agency -- Chapter 5 Space Hotels -- Chapter 6 Space Insurance -- Chapter 7 Legislation of Space Tourism -- Chapter 8 Space Medicine -- Chapter 9 Space Debris -- Chapter 10 Space...

Towards a new legal ecosystem for the exploitation of space / Philippe Clerc -- The EU Regulation for the Space Programme : a new framework for EU Space Activities / Kamlesh Brocard -- Commercial Space Activities in the U.S. : An overview of current policy and regulatory framework / Catrina...

Space Tourism is evolving as a recent contemporary development. And at the same time, even the discipline of Space Law is also not that old and developed enough to be able to define the limits for regulating such Tourism. As such, it becomes necessary to study the impact that such Tourism can...

This paper situates the ongoing debate and recently changing political narrative around the fundamental principle of “peaceful purposes” as enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty. The origins and evolution of the meaning of peaceful purposes are discussed. Further, the paper advances arguments...

In the last decade public interest and support for space exploration has been re-ignited. Although the recent publicity concerning robotic mission and space tourism has dominated media headlines, the space economy is becoming a propulsive one in industrial development. Consequently, a space...

We estimate the long-term effect of public R&D on growth in manufacturing by analyzing new data from the Cold War era Space Race. We develop a novel empirical strategy that leverages US-Soviet rivalry in space technology to isolate windfall R&D spending. Our results demonstrate that public R&D...

"New space", characterised by new commercial players bringing cutting-edge business techniques and funding methods to space activities, has brought disruptive innovation and democratised access to space. But there also reasons for concern, as this has led to an intensified use of the orbital...

At the beginning of the 21st century, we saw the upward transformation of aerospace technologies to extend to outer space, in actual steps empowered by robots, in symbolic, or visionary, terms observable on the projections and dreams about renascent travel to the moon, and above all a growing...

The United States Congress recently passed the U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act (“CSLCA”). Title IV of the Act ultimately recognized commercial property rights in resources extracted from extraterrestrial bodies. Consequently, the passage of such legislation has once again...

What do recent advances in economic geography teach us about the spatial distribution of economic activity? We show that the equilibrium distribution of economic activity can be determined simply by the intersection of labor supply and demand curves. We discuss how to estimate these curves and...

This article examines the definition and delimitation of outer space and its relationship to air space, and proposes a remedy to the uncertainty created by the significant differences in the Air Law and Space Law regimes. COPUOS and the academic community have discussed and debated the issue of...

A subset of a topological space (X, ) is called preopen if ⊂ . The complement of a preopen set is called preclosed set. In the literature preopen sets have been utilized to characterize separation axioms, covering properties and functions. The aim of this paper is to introduce and study class...

Let (, ) be a topological space. A point is in the —closure of A, denoted by cl, if each closed neighbourhood of intersects . The pair (, cl) is a closure space, also called a neighbourhood space. A subset is —closed if = cl. —closed sets are closed sets for a new topology on the set . The...

Imagine the excitement of traveling to the upper limits of the atmosphere, experiencing weightlessness and the beauty of mother Earth, and returning home to share your stories. Several companies in the United States are developing and actively marketing this experience and it is anticipated that...

Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty states that “the activities of non-governmental entities shall require authorization and continuing supervision.” This has caused confusion for the US government and for private entities that plan to operate in outer space engaging in nontraditional...

During recent years, Latin-American countries have initiated the creation of space policies in order to find a place on the global list of countries which already have activities in space. Recently, countries such as Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela have joined Brazil and Argentina in their interest...

It is well known that the modern day technologies that drive our global society are highly dependent on the use of outer space. For example, daily activities such as sending emails, making phone calls and carrying out bank transactions cannot be done unless satellite technologies are involved....