Standards often require the use of patented technologies. Holders of standard-essential patents (SEPs) typically commit to make their patents available on "fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory" (FRAND) terms. National competition authorities increasingly intervene against perceived FRAND...

GlobalG.A.P. compliance has often become a key requirement for farmers to access high-value global markets. Yet, the global spread of certification is highly uneven among countries. We assess the drivers and dynamics behind these unequal patterns, applying panel data regressions. Findings show...

We study incumbency advantage in markets with positive consumption externalities. Users of an incumbent platform receive stochastic opportunities to migrate to an entrant. They can accept a migration opportunity or wait for a future opportunity. In some circumstances, users have incentives to...

The paper explores how business continuity management (BCM) is defined within the professional and academic communities that work in the field or research it. It sets out the framework for the composing elements of a BCM that emerge and considers how these various elements can interact with each...

A pandemic is not only a biological event and a public health disaster, but it also generates impacts that are worth understanding from a societal, historical, and cultural perspective.In this contribution, we argue that as the disease spreads, we are able to harness a valuable key resource,...

Das vorliegende Dokument wurde im Rahmen des Netzwerks "Verbund Forschungsdaten Bildung" entwickelt und bietet eine Zusammenstellung von Formulierungsbeispielen für Nutzungsbedingungen für Forschungsdatenzentren. In Nutzungsbedingungen werden die Rechte und Pflichten der Datennutzenden sowie...

Information security (INFOSEC) seeks to integrate previously distinct disciplines such as: employee security, computer security, communications security and operational security. It is ensured by an appropriate set of controls, which can be principles, practices, procedures, organizational...

Global data standards are urgently needed to foster digital cooperation and manage global tech platforms. No global organization is currently mandated to coordinate the development, maintenance and use of technical standards covering data value chains and policy-oriented standards covering data...

The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards recognizes teachers who meet performance standards for "accomplished" educators. States and districts provide support for teachers to obtain this certification, which is considered an honor in the field. Using high school data from Chicago...

By 2050, the European Union aims to become climate neutral. The achievement of this goal will require, among others, a massive boost in energy efficiency. Companies and other organizations can make a significant contribution to climate protection through systematic and long-term energy...

Research on solar energy systems and materials has yielded promising opportunities for sustainable energy solutions, which do not only consider environmental issues but also allow aesthetic design possibilities. New requirements regarding the energy efficiency performance of buildings gave the...

Standardization reduces complexity and increases predictability in a global supply chain. This predictability can be exploited for capacity management and resource allocation to meet client demands and achieve cost expectations. On this foundation of predictability a supply chain can expand,...

The XBRL standard was adopted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in the year 2008 as a standard by which the banks that are regulated by the RBI submit regulatory, prudential, supervisory, and other statistical data. This study focuses on estimating the effectiveness of the adoption of the XBRL...

The knowledge from external sources has been recognized as critical for improving the capabilities of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to be competitive on the global market. The aim of this paper is to explore main factors which affect SMEs' choice of a dominant source for acquiring...

Asymmetric information is a classic example of market failure that undermines the efficiency associated with perfectly competitive market outcomes: the "lemons" market. Credible certification, that substantiates unobservable characteristics of products that consumers value, is often considered a...

The global depletion of non-renewable resources and climate change has lead scientists and politicians to change in the area of running modern economies. The best option currently seems to be the transition from a linear economy to a circular economy. However, there is no current agreed global...

Research on solar energy systems and materials has yielded promising opportunities for sustainable energy solutions, which do not only consider environmental issues but also allow aesthetic design possibilities. New requirements regarding the energy efficiency performance of buildings gave the...

China has been participating in the international standards activities since the reform and opening up period. China’s standards action has not only brought about significant changes in the way of international trade, but also changed the connotation and manifestation of economic growth, which...

Purpose: ISO 14001 is an International Standard of worldwide acceptance based on the concept that better environmental performance can be achieved when environmental aspects are systematically identified and managed giving a major contribution to Sustainability, through pollution prevention,...

This work focuses on two very particular elements: the technical standard and standardization that permeate the three determinants of the great changes in the international scenario in the last decades: the impact of new technologies on the commercial economic environment, the proliferation of...

The deployment of mega container ships with a capacity for 18,000 + TEU on major trade lanes is a recent trend within the ocean shipping industry. Larger ships pose multiple challenges to ports and hinterland connections as well as to the beneficial cargo owners. To achieve maximum...

When speaking about innovation in education and teaching, people usually refer to changes fostered by innovation in technology for the purpose of learning, teaching, and curriculum development. The reason why this happens is obvious: technical / technological changes do happen fast and their...

The aim of this study was to develop, implement, and evaluate a new auxiliary enterprise risk management framework and process to serve as an enabler to the global ISO 31000 risk framework and ISO 31010 processes. This framework has been designed particularly for use within high-risk...

La internet de las cosas es la próxima revolución tecnológica que comenzó con la masificación de las computadoras entre las décadas del 70 y 80. Esta revolución va a introducir nuevas tecnologías, que va a dejar obsoletas a muchas otras existentes el día de hoy. Estas tecnologías...