This paper makes the case for measuring economic activity in real time in a middle-income setting using indicators alternative to the standard System of National Accounts measure of gross domestic product (GDP). GDP remains indispensable, yet its limits as a welfare proxy are amplified where...

Agent-based models (ABMs) are gaining increasing traction in several domains, due to their ability to represent complex systems that are not easily expressible with classical mathematical models. This expressivity and richness come at a cost: ABMs can typically be analyzed only through...

This paper presents a distribution-free test, based on the permutation approach, on treatment effects with a multivariate categorical response variable. The motivating example is a typical case-control biomedical study, performed to investigate the effect of the treatment called "assisted motor...

Data is an essential fuel for artificial intelligence (AI) to power the underlying machine learning (ML) algorithms. Missing data is common in most real-world datasets due to measurement errors, non-responses, and human errors during the data collection, which can ultimately lead to reduced...

The present 2025 annual report focuses on selected issues that are of relevance and concern to the production of European statistics and have implications for the implementation of the European Statistics Code of Practice (ESCoP) in the European Statistical System (ESS). These issues pertain to...

This document presents Eurostat's assessment of the quality of the national and regional accounts data submitted by Member States, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland in 2024, according to the ESS quality standards and the ESA 2010 Regulation. It also includes information on the quality of key...

The Theory publication and the companion on the practice of compiling consumer price indices (CPIs) is jointly published by the member agencies of the Inter-Secretariat Working Group on Price Statistics (IWGPS): the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat), the International Labour...

Tackling discrimination in earnings between men and women is one of the key priorities of gender policies at both the EU and national levels. The unadjusted gender pay gap (GPG), which is calculated as the relative difference between the average earnings of women and men, is widely used as the...

The European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) is a multidimensional monitoring framework providing a comparative assessment of the research and innovation performance of the EU27 as well as 12 neighbouring countries, their global partners, and the relative strengths and weaknesses of their research...

In this paper, we describe an attempt made to develop an efficient disclosure control algorithm for microdata in a statistical portal used for releasing detailed statistical information at various levels of spatial aggregation. The proposed algorithm is based on perturbative methods, such as...

Unpaid domestic work is the main part of non-market household production which is not covered by national statistics (GDP). The monetary value of unpaid work is identified within the gross value added (GVA), which is 60-80% of (the invisible) non-market household production. GVA of unpaid work...

In this article, new ratio regression type estimators with imputation have been proposed as means to overcome the problem of missing data relating to a studied variable in a sample survey. It has been shown that the suggested estimators are more efficient than the mean method of imputation, the...

In January/February 2025, an assessment was undertaken of the data quality of the public sector debt statistics (PSDS) of Malawi against the IMF's Data Quality Assessment Framework (DQAF) for PSDS. The mission was undertaken as part of a project to strengthen the quality of public sector debt in...

The Theory publication and the companion on the practice of compiling consumer price indices (CPIs) is jointly published by the member agencies of the Inter-Secretariat Working Group on Price Statistics (IWGPS): the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat), the International Labour...

In February 2025, an assessment was undertaken of the data quality of the public sector debt statistics (PSDS) of the Republic of Zimbabwe against the IMF's Data Quality Assessment Framework (DQAF) for PSDS. The assessment was undertaken as part of a project to strengthen the quality of public...

This document provides recommendations for the statistical recording of capacity allocation and balancing markets, which are crucial for addressing deviations between supply and demand in electricity markets. It also includes guidance on transactions related to the electricity congestion income...

The Agricultural Sector Resilience Progress Indicator (I.9) is an innovative multidimensional composite indicator that evaluates the status and progress of various factors impacting agricultural resilience in EU27 countries, particularly in response to climate change. I.9 serves as a novel tool...

Die Erhebung der leichten Nutzfahrzeuge, die in diesem Bericht oft als «Lieferwagen» bezeichnet werden, ist eine Erhebung des Bundesamtes für Statistik. Nach 2013 wurde sie im Jahr 2023 erneut als Stichprobenerhebung durchgeführt. Dieser Methodenbericht beschreibt die verwendeten...

This paper outlines the sampling and weighting process for the M9 sample, an augmentation sample for the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees. It augments the samples M3, M4, M5, and M6 with refugees entering Germany between January 1, 2017, and the August 31, 2022. It also adds refugees from...

Association rules can offer a human-interpretable insight extracted from data. The lift measures used for evaluating association rules in classical Association Rule Mining (ARM) contexts are mainly based on traditional and well-known ones but suffer from interpretation inadequacy when dealing...

The purpose of this publication is to provide the compilers of European statistics on international trade in goods (ITGS) with clarifications on how to apply the EU legal provisions. With the help of concrete examples, clear text, definitions and systematic legislative references, the Manual is...

How efficiently do scientific results make their way into the wider world? Applying multiple methods to the universe of hypothesis tests reported in three leading health journals between 2016 and 2022 we evidence the important role of statistical significance as a driver of popular attention to...

How efficiently do scientific results make their way into the wider world? Applying multiple methods to the universe of hypothesis tests reported in three leading health journals between 2016 and 2022 we evidence the important role of statistical significance as a driver of popular attention to...

Consumption taxes are a crucial revenue source for EU Member States, yet they also potentially have non-negligible impact on income distribution. The EU’s tax-benefit microsimulation model, EUROMOD, has recently been extended to simulate consumption taxes (CT) across all 27 EU countries...

The Evaluation Handbook - 2025 Edition reflects the European Commission's steadfast commitment to promoting a culture of results, accountability, and learning across the EU's external action. As one of the world's leading development and international cooperation actors, the European Commission...

The European Central Bank (ECB), with the support of the European System of Central Bank's (ESCB's) Statistics Committee, compiles and publishes the balance of payments (b.o.p.) and the international investment position (i.i.p.) of the euro area. These statistics depict the economic relations of...

This document provides recommendations for the statistical recording of capacity allocation and balancing markets, which are crucial for addressing deviations between supply and demand in electricity markets. It also includes guidance on transactions related to the electricity congestion income...

The purpose of this publication is to support Member States in completing the OECD, Eurostat, WHO Europe Joint Questionnaire on Non-Monetary Healthcare Statistics (JQNMHC) in line with Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/2294. It provides an outline of the transmission and dissemination processes,...

In October 2022, the European Commission ('the Commission') updated the common statistical classification of economic activities in the European Union (NACE). This took place by means of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/137 (the 'NACE Rev. 2.1 Delegated Act'), which established NACE...

The European Central Bank (ECB), with the support of the European System of Central Bank's (ESCB's) Statistics Committee, compiles and publishes the balance of payments (b.o.p.) and the international investment position (i.i.p.) of the euro area. These statistics depict the economic relations of...

This note presents findings of a Statistical Needs Assessment (SNA) of the Statistical Institute of Belize (SIB). The aim of the assessment is to inform efforts to enhance the national statistical system for data driven decision-making. Belize has shown good progress in the development of its...

This compilers' manual is meant to serve as a practical reference document for all National Statistical Authorities involved in the compilation of EU statistics on trade in goods by enterprise characteristics (TEC). As such, it provides the necessary definitions and practical instructions...

The purpose of this publication is to provide the compilers of European statistics on the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in households and by individuals with clarifications on how to apply the EU legal provisions. With the help of explanations and legal references, the...

The Statistical Requirements Compendium (SRC), published by Eurostat, serves as a reference document for the EU acquis in statistics. It summarises the key reference information for European statistical production, taking into account new legislation and other developments relevant for European...