We discuss recent work evaluating the role of the government in shaping the economy during the long 19th century, a practice we refer to as industrial policy. We show that states deployed a vast variety of different policies aimed at, primarily, but not exclusively, fostering industrialization....

The aim of this paper is to understand whether what has been labelled as "twin transition", at first as a policy flagship, endogenously emerges as a new technological trajectory stemming by the convergence of the green and digital technologies. Embracing an evolutionary approach to technology,...

When Chinese start-up DeepSeek released R1 in January 2025, the groundbreaking open-source artificial intelligence (AI) model rocked the tech industry as a more cost-effective alternative to models running on more advanced chips. The launch coincided with industrial policy gaining popularity as...

The main purpose of the article is to analyze the inter-organizational cooperation of enterprises for innovation in the Polish economy compared to the rest of Europe. The micro perspective assesses in detail the scope and scale of cooperation of Polish enterprises with selected stakeholders of...

A key element in the transition to net zero carbon emissions is increasing the use of renewable energy, especially wind and solar energy, and scaling up energy storage sustainably to enable their greater use. This paper discusses the advantages and challenges of scaling up renewable energy...

We examine the accessibility and functioning of the patent system in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, a state that existed between 1815 and 1830. The country's patent law combined an examination process with significant government discretion over a patent's duration and cost. Using our...

National innovation systems (NISs) have been important in the literature since the 1990s for highlighting the institutional performance of economies and promoting economic development. Inclusion in systemic innovation activities is an emerging area of research. However, the definition of...

A robust Research & Innovation (R&I) ecosystem is essential for progress, economic resilience, and addressing complex challenges. At the heart of this ecosystem, knowledge fuels innovation and further discovery. However, knowledge leakage (the loss of valuable information) can disrupt this...

Accessible and affordable energy services are a prerequisite for socioeconomic growth and poverty reduction. Yet it is estimated that 600 million people in sub-Saharan Africa will not have access to electricity in 2030. Recent research suggests that universal access to electricity will be...

This paper studies the role of green research and development (R&D) subsidies under different environmental policies. Using a stylized equilibrium model calibrated to the European electricity sector, I analyze the effects of R&D subsidies under (1) an emission tax, (2) an emission cap, and (3)...

This report presents the findings of the Commission Expert Group on Technology Infrastructures (EGTI), established in November 2023 to analyse, support, and provide recommendations for improving technology infrastructures (TIs) in Europe. The group explored critical topics such as the definition...

This analytical report "User Needs for Technology Infrastructures" complements the Expert Group on Technology Infrastructures report "Towards a European Policy for Technology Infrastructures, Building Bridges to Competitiveness". The report gathers extensive evidence on user needs for TIs,...

Technological innovation is a key enabler for reaching the strategic EU objectives in the transport field, such as decarbonisation and digitalization. This report identifies and presents a selection of new and emerging technologies in transport, based primarily on the Transport Research and...

Technological innovation is a key enabler for reaching the strategic EU objectives in the transport field, such as decarbonisation and digitalization. This report identifies and presents a selection of new and emerging technologies in transport, based primarily on the Transport Research and...

This thematic report comprises an analysis of national strategies and policies for fostering AI in science infrastructure, current challenges, and policy suggestions. It explores the state-of-the-art of the infrastructures for AI in science, examines the potential for innovations such as 'AI...

This report evaluates the EU-India Science and Technology (S&T) Agreement, set to be renewed for 2025-2030. EU-India S&T cooperation has evolved through Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe, with Indian participation in 88 projects. Key areas of collaboration include energy, health, water,...

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the European Union (EU) has considerably reshaped its approach to security policy, and in this context, the EU has taken up an increasingly more active role in supporting research and innovation (R&I) initiatives within the context of civil security over...

There could be an additional 5.5 million women starting and managing new businesses in the European Union, if everyone had an equal opportunity to transform their ideas into a business and if women participated in early-stage entrepreneurship at the same rate as 30-49 year old men . In the EU,...

This report presents the results of five EU Science Diplomacy Working Groups that were established by the European Commission in order to develop recommendations for a European Framework for Science Diplomacy. The working groups consisted of 130 science and diplomacy experts from across Europe,...

This report, aligned with the JRC's efforts under the Global Gateway strategy as EU flagship investment plan underpinning the external dimension of EU policy across the world, provides insights into Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) collaboration in the Western Balkans, crucial...

This working paper aims to provide the reader with information on the topical focus of the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, comparing the results with the topical focus at both national and regional levels worldwide. We find that there is a partial disconnect between the topics that were funded...

The Water Resilience Experiment aims to contribute to the European Commission's Water Resilience Strategy through the lens of design for policy and behavioural insights. The project focused on increasing cross-DG collaboration around the water topic and reducing the policy-implementation gap by...

This paper complements the study on Excellent Science under Horizon Europe. The analysis investigates the integration and role of Widening countries within the collaborative networks established by the European Union's Framework Programmes, such as FP7, Horizon 2020, and the early stages of...

Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) for SDGs roadmaps are strategic policy frameworks that leverage STI to tackle localised sustainability challenges. They are supported by analyses based on different data sources and grounded in participatory and co-creation approaches that involve various...

Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) play a key role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Directorate General for International Partnerships (DG INTPA) of the European Commission joined forces launching the project on STI for...

Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) play a key role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Directorate General for International Partnerships (DG INTPA) of the European Commission joined forces launching the project on STI for...

Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) play a key role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In 2022, the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Directorate General for International Partnerships (DG INTPA) of the European Commission joined forces launching the project science,...

Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) play a key role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In 2022, the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Directorate General for International Partnerships (DG INTPA) of the European Commission joined forces launching the project science,...

Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) play a key role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Directorate General for International Partnerships (DG INTPA) of the European Commission joined forces launching the project on STI for...

Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) play a key role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Directorate General for International Partnerships (DG INTPA) of the European Commission joined forces launching the project on STI for...

Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) for SDGs roadmaps are strategic policy frameworks that leverage STI to tackle localised sustainability challenges. They are supported by analyses based on different data sources and grounded in participatory and co-creation approaches that involve various...

The Opportunity Spaces publication offers a comprehensive approach to help regions identify and activate opportunities at the intersection of innovation policy and climate adaptation. Through three complementary components, it supports practitioners in developing more transformative approaches...

The Regional Innovation Valleys (RIVs) initiative is one of 25 actions of the New European Innovation Agenda (NEIA). It aims to harness the full innovation potential across Europe, connecting less and more innovative regions and addressing social challenges through cutting edge technology....

Recognizing the crucial role of science, technology, and innovation (STI) in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this report is set within the broader context of the European Commission's global and regional initiatives, underscoring the commitment to the Global Gateway...

Recognizing the crucial role of science, technology, and innovation (STI) in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this report is set within the broader context of the European Commission's global and regional initiatives, underscoring the commitment to the Global Gateway...