This paper estimates the causal impact of Brexit on migrant employment in the United Kingdom using a synthetic difference-in-differences (SDID) framework. We construct a counterfactual trajectory for the UK based on a weighted combination of comparable European economies and compare...

Ours is the first meta-analysis synthesizing results from econometric studies carried out in the UK to assess the size of the gender wage gap (GWG). Drawing on 90 primary studies published between 1974 and 2024 we assess trends in the gap and identify the substantive and methodological factors...

Like many newer EU Free Trade Agreements, the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) includes commitments concerning labour and social standards and environment and climate policy under the title the 'Level Playing Field'. This title includes non-regression provisions, which prohibit reducing or...

To what extent did class shape political behavior during early democratization and industrialization, and did class voting reflect economic interests or durable political identities? We use newly collected individual-level panel data from open-ballot elections in the nineteenth-century...

This study documents substantial heterogeneity in returns to education by childhood poverty status among Indonesian wage workers aged 15-35. Individuals who grew up poor earn only 1.5 percent per additional year of schooling-less than onefourth of the 6.8 percent earned by those who were never...

• The rise in total upfront cash requirement has become the main obstacle to homeownership in Germany. Between 2015 and 2024, the average household needed a median of 9.37 years to save the necessary funds for a home purchase. • A substantial share of this burden comes not from the price...

Britain is experiencing a prolonged period of economic stagnation, if not decline. Most people believe living standards have declined and that the country is heading in the wrong direction. Support for economic growth is broad and deep, spanning all age groups, regions and political...

This paper explores the post-grant phase of the Business Acceceleration for Youth (BA4Y) programme implemented at the Malawi University of Science and Technology (MUST), highlighting the transition from grant-supported initiatives to institutionalised innovation education and business growth for...

The purpose of this article is to investigate the drivers and barriers to broadband adoption/use by food and drink micro-business owner-managers based in remote-rural Scotland. This study adopts a mixed methods approach consisting of 141 questionnaires involving rural restaurants, which is then...

This report presents findings from the Myanmar INsights on Graduate Aspirations and Labor Activity (MINGALA) Panel Survey conducted in 2024 and 2025, tracking the aspirations, labor market experiences, and migration intentions of tertiary-educated youth ages 20–45. Against the backdrop of...

Gen Z is an emerging talent entering the world of work with distinct characteristics, expectations, preferences, and aspirations compared to previous generations. Therefore, there is growing interest in understanding Gen Z's entry-level experiences, particularly the psychosocial experiences of...

This research improves our understanding of overeducation by highlighting its risks among middle-educated workers, especially the specific risk that motherhood may pose for job mismatch among them, compared to highly educated women. It employs random-effects and Heckman selection models with...

There has been a dramatic rise in disability employment since the pandemic. At the same time, work from home (WFH) has risen four-fold. This paper asks whether the two are causally related. Controlling for compositional changes and labor market tightness, a 1 percentage point increase in WFH...

This report provides an up-to-date assessment of the scale and distributional impact of tax relief on public, occupational, and private pension contributions in Ireland. Using SWITCH, the ESRI's tax-benefit microsimulation model, we quantify the cost of tax relief under the current...

This study forecasts inbound tourism demand for the United Kingdom, using monthly data from February 1989 to February 2020. In the empirical analysis, we evaluate and compare the performance of five machine learning models (decision trees, random forests, XGBoost, and support vector regression...

This paper analyses how UK tax-benefit policies shaped poverty, inequality, and living standards between 2019 and 2023, spanning the COVID-19 shock and the subsequent cost-of-living crisis. Using the UKMOD tax-benefit microsimulation model combined with imputed household consumption data, we...

We provide new evidence on the mental health and healthcare utilisation impacts of the rollout of Universal Credit, one of the most significant welfare reforms in Europe in recent decades. Designed to simplify the benefit system and strengthen work incentives by merging six meanstested...

Purpose and scope: This analysis assesses the cumulative impact of the Autumn Budget Statement 2025 on UK residents over the period 2026-2030. The Budget has been passed by Parliament and will be implemented beginning in April 2026. This report models policy impact on the UK population using...

This paper describes the integration of labour supply behavioural responses into UKMOD, the UK tax-benefit microsimulation model belonging to the EUROMOD family. Traditional static models quantify only the direct ("morning after") fiscal and distributional effects of policy reforms, abstracting...

In April 2013, a significant change to Child Benefit (CB) was introduced in the UK: it switched from a universal benefit to a targeted benefit. The new High Income Child Benefit Charge (HICBC) required families to repay some or all of their Child Benefit via the tax system if either partner's...

Non-take-up of social benefits occurs when eligible individuals or households fail to claim welfare support to which they are entitled. This paper provides new estimates of take-up for major UK benefits between 2008 and 2023, including Child Benefit, Pension Credit, and Universal Credit together...

We study the role of gender role attitudes (GRA)—beliefs about appropriate roles for men and women—in marital sorting and intra-household allocations. Using the UK Household Longitudinal Study and a multidimensional matching model, we estimate the contribution of GRA to the joint marriage...

Inheritance tax is levied on the estates of the deceased, including on lifetime gifts made up to seven years prior to death. Roman emperors levied taxes on inheritances, and the British history goes back to the Stamp Act 1694, later modernised by the Finance Act 1894 with the introduction of the...

This study examines a neglected aspect of research on industrial relations: workplace disputes in which workers are incidentally made idle because of the strike actions of others. The work uses a comprehensive dataset from 1920 to 1970 compiled by the UK Engineering Employers' Federation (EEF),...

The establishment of the UK National Health Service (NHS) in July 1948 was one of the most consequential health policy interventions of the twentieth century, providing universal and free access to medical care and substantially expanding maternal and infant health services. In this paper, we...

We study the part-time penalty. Using Danish register data, the Danish Labor Force Survey, and hospital personnel records, we show that the pay gap between part-time and full-time workers is sizable and increases over the career because the two groups accumulate different levels of human capital...

Immigration was central both to the 2016 Brexit referendum campaign and to the political narratives that followed it. Yet the trajectory of migration to the UK since the referendum bears little resemblance to the expectations - or promises - articulated at the time. This paper provides an...

We study the role of Gender Role Attitudes (GRA) - beliefs about appropriate roles for men and women - in marital sorting and intra-household allocations. Using the UK Household Longitudinal Study and a multidimensional matching model following Dupuy and Galichon (2014), we estimate the...

* Since the 2008 financial crisis, environmental policy has shifted away from simply managing negative externalities and gradually converged with regular industrial policy. Various 'green deals' have been launched around the world with the aim of achieving a combination of economic and...

This publication analyses the advantages and disadvantages of carbon credits compared to other financing instruments for protecting and restoring coastal ecosystems. Nine instruments are examined, including emission credits, biodiversity certificates, development cooperation, and blue bonds....

This paper examines the relationship between labour market concentration and wage inequality using global survey data for the period 2006-2022. The results show that higher labour market concentration is associated with higher wage inequality, especially in the top half of the wage distribution....