International humanitarian law (IHL) sets out rules limiting and mitigating the impact of armed conflict. Establishing a careful balance between humanitarian considerations and military requirements, IHL constitutes a set of fundamental safeguarding rules under international law. The scope of...

International humanitarian law (IHL) sets out rules limiting and mitigating the impact of armed conflict. Establishing a careful balance between humanitarian considerations and military requirements, IHL constitutes a set of fundamental safeguarding rules under international law. The scope of...

Wirtschaftlicher Zwang ist ein Mittel der Außenpolitik, welches in einem internationalen Umfeld, das geprägt ist von geopolitischen Spannungen und der Instrumentalisierung des Handels als Waffe, immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnt. Solche Maßnahmen stellen auch für die EU ein zunehmendes Problem...

Obwohl Zwangsarbeit seit fast einem Jahrhundert verboten ist, befinden sich immer noch circa 27,6 Millionen Menschen in Zwangsarbeit. Aufgrund der COVID-19-Pandemie, der Klimakrise und bewaffneter Konflikte, wie zuletzt des russischen Angriffskriegs auf die Ukraine, ist die Zahl der...

Goldene Pässe' - eine Praxis, welche den Spruch "Mit Geld kann man nicht alles kaufen", zumindest mit Blick auf Staatsangehörigkeiten relativiert. Solche Regelungen, auch Citizenship by Investment-Programme (CBI) genannt, ermöglichen es Personen eine Staatsbürgerschaft schlichtweg zu kaufen....

International law prohibits States from intervening in the internal and external affairs of other States, but only if the method of intervention is coercive. Building on recent developments in State practice, especially in the cyber context, this article argues that coercion can be understood in...

The assignment will be focusing on International court of justice acts that helped in development of international law directly or indirectly. International law itself is weak law because of heterogenic nature of state’s laws. Few of them overlap each other few of them don’t. International...

The dynamics of self-determination have increasingly demanded the attention of academics, policymakers, and the international community in general. This can be attributed to the new age of the communications revolution; peoples are increasingly aware of state systems and how they can be...

In 2008, an anonymous person calling himself Satoshi Nakamoto created Bitcoin. The basic idea for the creation of Bitcoin came after the 2008 global financial crisis caused by bad housing loans in the United States. Since then, Satoshi Nakamoto has designed a decentralized financial system that...

As Ireland took up its seat on the United Nations Security Council at the start of 2021, one could hardly have predicted the range of challenges that the international legal system would face over the next two years. These included the Taliban’s return to power in Afghanistan, a brutal civil...

Economic sanctions have become a common feature of the international system. Since the end of the cold war, multilateral sanctions, both comprehensive and partial, have been imposed on several states and on several occasions. In many of these cases, the goal of the sanctions has been to improve...

I model the ocean as an array of lines set within a two-dimensional frame, and show how the Exclusive Economic Zone emerged as an equilibrium in customary international law. I find that custom codifies the efficient Nash equilibrium of enclosure for nearshore fisheries. For highly migratory and...

Cyber espionage has become a common method for states to gather confidential information in cyberspace. The vast interconnectedness of the Internet provides a target-rich environment for states to engage in low-risk collection of large amounts of data at an unprecedented speed and scale. Cyber...

This chapter examines the often-cited distinction between private international law and public international law in the context of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (‘CISG’). The traditional view holds that private and public international law are separate...

Russia's withdrawal from the Council of Europe and regional conventions on human rights protection, as well as the discussion about the need for Russia to withdraw from the WTO does not affect the implementation of universal agreements in the field of protection and observance of human rights,...

Wirtschaftlicher Zwang ist ein Mittel der Außenpolitik, welches in einem internationalen Umfeld, das geprägt ist von geopolitischen Spannungen und der Instrumentalisierung des Handels als Waffe, immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnt. Solche Maßnahmen stellen auch für die EU ein zunehmendes Problem...

Obwohl Zwangsarbeit seit fast einem Jahrhundert verboten ist, befinden sich immer noch circa 27,6 Millionen Menschen in Zwangsarbeit. Aufgrund der COVID-19-Pandemie, der Klimakrise und bewaffneter Konflikte, wie zuletzt des russischen Angriffskriegs auf die Ukraine, ist die Zahl der...

'Goldene Pässe' - eine Praxis, welche den Spruch "Mit Geld kann man nicht alles kaufen", zumindest mit Blick auf Staatsangehörigkeiten relativiert. Solche Regelungen, auch Citizenship by Investment-Programme (CBI) genannt, ermöglichen es Personen eine Staatsbürgerschaft schlichtweg zu...

Part I: Introductory Part -- Chapter 1. Introduction: A Rational Choice Analysis of International State Responsibility -- Chapter 2. The Protection of Community Interests in International Law and Economics -- Chapter 3. The Normative Framework: Objectives of State Responsibility in International...

Das zuletzt gestiegene Interesse des Staats und der Gesellschaft an der Beteiligung von Handwerkskammern in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit zeigt sich bei der Änderung der Handwerksordnung, in der die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit nun einen eigenen Aufgabenbereich der Kammern darstellt. Die...

There are various dimensions to International law and its applicability. They include the political, diplomatic, military, and economic dimensions. Politically, the countries might reshape International Legal Order (ILO). Diplomatically, there is a need for efforts to develop approaches to...

The great challenges of our time – such climate change/environmental protection, the preservation of basic human rights, the speedy response to regional/civil war conflicts – require powerful and effective answers from international law. Also at the national level, the international...

This article will assess whether the changes in asylum-seeker movement over the most recent ten years to more significantly involve new states, such as the conflicts in Syria and Ukraine, may be bringing about changes in how we assess customary international law on refugee law. The recent...

Democracies have a stronger incentive to comply with international law than autocracies, but they will not comply when faced with violations by other states. International law is a mechanism of cooperation between states: it can make states vulnerable for betrayal, but also increase their...

Conventional wisdom predicts that international law must proceed through a “state pathway” before regulating corporations: it binds national governments who then bind corporations through enactment and enforcement of domestic laws and regulations. But recent corporate practices confound this...

This study analyses two aspects of China’s perspectives on public international law: the implementation mechanism that gives legal effect to international treaties within the Chinese domestic legal system and the views of Chinese international law scholars on the important foreign policy...

Vor dem Hintergrund der zahlreichen globalen Krisen ist eine Stärkung des Multilateralismus und des Völkerrechts unabdingbar. Diese Notwendigkeit spiegelt sich auch im Bericht Our Common Agenda der Vereinten Nationen von 2021 wider. Maja Groff setzt sich im Global Governance Spotlight 1|2022...

Das zuletzt gestiegene Interesse des Staats und der Gesellschaft an der Beteiligung von Handwerkskammern in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit zeigt sich bei der Änderung der Handwerksordnung, in der die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit nun einen eigenen Aufgabenbereich der Kammern darstellt. Die...

A principle that prohibits States from weakening their domestic levels of environmental protection continues to emerge at varying speeds within international trade, investment and environmental law. We explore the principle’s diverse history, rationale and legal expression in each of these...

The open access publication of this book has been published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. In Monetary Stability as a Common Concern in International Law , Lucía Satragno argues that monetary stability is a global public good that must be promoted and protected at...

"The monetary and financial dimensions of economic sanctions have become critical components of sanctions strategies. A wider range of monetary and financial assets, entities (including central banks), and services are now targeted. Financial institutions, infrastructures, regulators and central...

Transparenz als Verfahrensgarantie hat zunehmend an Interesse gewonnen, da sie aufgrund der Globalisierungsprozesse in verschiedenen Bereichen eingesetzt wird. Demnach wurde der Versuch unternommen, ein allgemeines Prinzip zu extrapolieren, das die verschiedenen Einrichtungen regulieren soll. Es...

Die globalen Finanzmärkte gewinnen mit Blick auf Umwelt- und Klimaschutzziele stetig an Bedeutung. Ohne eine Mobilisierung und Umlenkung privaten Kapitals sind diese nicht mehr zu erreichen. Weltweit werden Regelungen zur nachhaltigen Transformation der Finanzmärkte als Schrittmacher auch...

Die Sicherung von ökologischen und sozialen Standards in Lieferketten steht im Blickpunkt der öffentlichen Debatten. Auf der politischen Agenda befindet sich insbesondere die Einführung eines Lieferkettengesetzes. Weniger im Fokus steht dabei, dass bereits eine schwer überschaubare Zahl von...

The chapter “Applicable Law” of the International Law Association’s Guidelines on Intellectual Property and Private International Law (“Kyoto Guidelines”) provides principles on the choice of law in international intellectual property matters. The Guidelines confirm the traditional...

World Peace (And How We Can Achieve It) looks towards a future where there is increasingly optimistic engagement with the concept of peace. Bellamy assesses why the world is the way it is before making suggestions for how the world can achieve peace. Bellamy suggests world peace is achievable...

The founding myth of international law is the sovereign equality of its member states. How, then, can and should it accommodate the rise of one potential hegemon and the decline of another? This review essay discusses an important new book by Cai Congyan, of Xiamen University, that tries to...

In proceedings in front of an arbitrary tribunal, at international such as also, at the national level, the question always arises as to the applicable substantive law. For the purpose of determining the applicable law, the Arbitration largely recognized the principle of party autonomy.This...

In Jessup’s 1956 Storrs Lecture he defined transnational law as “all law which regulates actions or events that transcend national frontiers,” which includes public international law, private international law, and “other rules which do not wholly fit into such standard categories.”...

Despite the large number of environmental agreements at the global, regional and bilateral levels, the role of customary international law remains of great importance in practice. First, many treaties which are in force remain largely unimplemented. Secondly, treaties only bind those States that...

The chapter “Jurisdiction” of the International Law Association’s Guidelines on Intellectual Property and Private International Law (“Kyoto Guidelines”) provides where international intellectual property claims can be brought to court. It defines the basic forum at the defendant's...

Director tenure attracts attention worldwide and is increasingly being recognised as a crucial element in assessing an external (independent non-executive) director’s independence. Director tenure has recently come under the spotlight in South Africa. Shareholder activists are expressing...