The purpose of this article is to evaluate if cryptocurrencies that have robust technology and anonymous features can be the money of the future. In this study, the transition phases of paper money, which started to be used at the beginning of the 17th century, to bank money, then banknotes and...

The terms ‘property’ and ‘proprietary interest’ are routinely used in Australian law to represent the broad category of rights an individual may have with respect to tangible and intangible things. ‘Money’, ‘currency’, and ‘legal tender’ are examples of property that...

It is difficult for private agents to produce money that circulates at par with no questions asked. We study two cases of privately-produced money: pre-Civil War U.S. private banknotes and modern stablecoins. Private monies are introduced when there are no better alternatives, but they initially...

Computerization of social life enabled market participants to search for new forms of electronic payments. The share of cash in total payments is systematically decreasing, which poses the risk of being supplanted by other instruments, including cryptocurrencies. Central banks, therefore, faced...

This paper examines the question of what kind of money will govern the 21st century by examining the developments which characterise this landscape. On the basis of a review of the available literature and evidence, it is clear that certain technological innovations, such as the movement towards...

Cryptocurrencies provide an important dimension of innovation to the evolution of the exchange medium we call money. There are now over 4,000 such currencies, and their potential and volume is growing. The impact of such currencies for money laundering, law enforcement, and banking supervision...

The Mussa (1986) puzzle is the observation of a sharp and simultaneous increase in the volatility of both nominal and real exchange rates following the end of the Bretton Woods System of pegged exchange rates in 1973. It is commonly viewed as a central piece of evidence in favor of monetary...

Monetary history is largely a repeated narrative of currency debasement. Yet historic Venice (1172-1797), ruled by elite patricians, stands out as an example of relative monetary stability. This paper provides a historical case of Venice’s Zecca Mint which provided the elite patricians of...

Currently numerous market-driven cryptocurrencies challenge to dethrone the state-controlled supply of fiat money. The outcome hinges on the old question of whether privately produced money with or without government is possible. This paper revisits the issue by looking for insights in the...

The British North American colonies were the first western economies to rely on legislature-issued fiat paper money as their principal internal medium of exchange. This system arose piecemeal across the colonies making the paper money creation story for each colony unique. It was true monetary...

The purpose of this editorial is to examine fiat currencies and common tenders (trade‐based money) from a risk perspective. The editorial encourages risk managers to consider the distributive benefits of a multiplicity of currencies and urges them to examine common tenders both old, such as...

Aim: The aim of this paper is to describe the construction of a new system for digital currency governed by the central bank, Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). Although the system uses cryptography, it is a new alternative for crypto currency like the Bitcoin. Today there is a global...

In the Middle Ages, tens of thousands types of uni-faced bracteate coins were struck in the period 1140−1520. The existence of hundreds of small independent currency areas with their own mints in central, eastern, and northern Europe and the strong link between bracteates and periodic...

The monetary powers embedded in the U.S. Constitution were revolutionary and led to a watershed transformation in the nation's monetary structure. They included determining what monies could be legal tender, who could emit fiat paper money, and who could incorporate banks. How the debate at the...

Cryptocurrency is private money and is costly to produce. In this paper, I ask whether cryptocurrency can serve as a medium of exchange, and whether it can coexist with fiat money as a widely accepted medium of exchange. To answer these questions, I develop two search-theoretic models: a model...

Unser Geldsystem ist im Umbruch. Gerade erst hat ein von Facebook gegründetes privates Konsortium den Entwurf einer privaten Weltwährung vorgestellt. Auch China testet zur Zeit eine digitale staatliche Währung, vermutlich mit dem Ziel die Vormachtstellung des amerikanischen Dollars zu...

The day after the news of Libra came out, it is said that Ma Huateng said on WeChat: "Libra has no technical problems, the main problem is about regulatory issues." I think this sentence is very simple, but it reflects many of his experiences, and I think it is correct. Many people's analysis of...

Given that the characteristics of the sets of means of payment available to economic agents at a given moment supply decisive information about the degree of monetization of the economy, this paper first proposes a technique to analyse these characteristics, considering their amplitude,...

Digital currencies are rising in popularity owing to their purported benefits and the speculative profits that investors are making in the market. These currencies, though decentralised in substance, can be purchased or traded across multiple digital currency platforms. In Africa, these...

Throughout modern international finance, different monetary regimes existed. International monetary arrangements initially arose from the need to provide international trade with easy means of settling trans-border payments (Semmler, 2019). For centuries, both domestic and international trade...

To support the understanding that banks' debt issuance means money creation, while centralized nonbank financial institutions' and decentralized bond market intermediary lending does not, the paper aims to convey two related points: First, the notion of money creation as a result of banks' loan...

The day after the news of Libra came out, it is said that Ma Huateng said on WeChat: "Libra has no technical problems, the main problem is about regulatory issues." I think this sentence is very simple, but it reflects many of his experiences, and I think it is correct. Many people's analysis of...

Purpose - The most prominent and persistent problems of our global monetary system are instability and imbalances. We propose an international monetary model to solve these problems while at the same time move the model closer to Maqāṣid Sharīʿah (objectives of Sharīʿah). We name this an...

Unser Geldsystem ist im Umbruch. Gerade erst hat ein von Facebook gegründetes privates Konsortium den Entwurf einer privaten Weltwährung vorgestellt. Auch China testet zur Zeit eine digitale staatliche Währung, vermutlich mit dem Ziel die Vormachtstellung des amerikanischen Dollars zu...

Purpose This study aims to evaluate the role of the prevailing currency systems in achieving (or departing from) the socio-economic objectives of a progressive and just society; i.e. featuring stability and equitable distribution of wealth. Design/methodology/approach After documenting...

"This book describes how implementing Grondona's system could help individual countries to independently improve their economic stability, while creating a growing network of currencies between which the exchange-rates will become increasingly stable."

Die Coronakrise hat es wieder heraufbeschworen: das Inflationsgespenst. Es geisterte von Beginn an durch die Geldgeschichte, nun ist es zurück – und bringt die Finanzmärkte ins Wanken. Die Niedrigzins-Politik hat die Zentralbanken in eine Sackgasse geführt, aus der sie bei steigender...

We show that decentralized privately created money with unstable values can hinder the traded, more transaction-friction sensitive, sector of the economy. We do so in the context of the NationalBanking Act of 1864 in the United States that created a new federally-regulated, fully-backed currency...

This paper studies the potential of a cryptocurrency to become a medium of exchange. We use evidence from a natural experiment: In September 2021, El Salvador became the first country in the world to make bitcoin legal tender, and all economic agents were required to accept bitcoin for all...

Preface -- Chapter 1. A Preliminary Introduction -- Chapter 2. Puzzles of the Monetary Regime in Premodern China -- Chapter 3. The Divergence between China and Japan -- Chapter 4. The Worst Currency or The Best Arrangement? -- Chapter 5. An Epilogue -- Index.

Introduction : between moral economies of money and monetary silence -- Settler democracy as a monetary school : toward moral economies of money -- Moral economies of money -- Monetary silencing and the romance of unmediated exchanges -- Greenback moral economies -- What kinds of people should...