Access to improved water is a global issue aligned with sustainable economic development. Ethiopia plans to enhance access to safe water through low-cost tech and community mobilization. However, finance is crucial for rural water construction and rehab, and the price mechanisms through users'...

Purpose - Egypt could face total water depletion by 2050 due to the current waterscarcity of aboutseven billion cubic meters. Climatic shocks worsen this crisis, alongside Ethiopia's unilateral construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). This has caused a stalemate, raising...

This background paper highlights the urgent need for climate‑resilient sanitation systems as cities face increasing climate‑related pressures. The growing impacts of extreme weather events expose the deep interconnections between sanitation and other essential urban systems, including water...

We estimate the causal effect of access to clean water sources on educational outcomes in Indonesia. Using the longitudinal Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) panel dataset, which follows the same individuals from 1993 to 2014, and applying household fixed effects allows us to identify the...

Empirical studies of the economic effects of climate change (CC) largely rely on climate anomalies for causal identification purposes. Slow and permanent changes in climate-driven geographical conditions, i.e. CC as defined by the IPCC (2013), have been studied relatively less, especially in...

Floods are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change, population growth, and land cover changes. In Paraguay, floods are the most common weather-related hazard and disproportionately impact poor and vulnerable populations. This study contributes to understanding household-level...

This paper provides an analysis of water heating within South Africa's residential energy demand. Using MAED, this work models four scenarios to examine the impact of varying degrees of governmental intervention and policy implementation, specifically SANS10400-XA2, on water heating energy...

Purpose - Water resources are fundamental to achieving sustainable development. Households play a critical role in global water conservation efforts, directly supporting the attainment ofseveral Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study expands the knowledge-attitude-behavior (KAB) model...

Groundwater, the world's largest freshwater supply, is facing increasing strain due to various uses such as agriculture, industry, livestock, and household. This study aims to investigate groundwater prospective zonation in the Bandu Sub-watershed in Purulia, West Bengal, using the AHP model and...

The Environmental Footprint (EF) methods endorsed by the European Commission offer standardized metrics for assessing the environmental impacts of products and organizations within the EU. This report details the findings from the Agricultural Working Group (AWG), Milestone 4, which focuses on...

France has a Basin Committee and Coordinating Prefect on each of its RBDs, with the exception of the RBD pair for Scheldt (FRA) and Sambre (FRB2) and the RBD pair for Meuse (FRB1) and Rhine (FRC). At the local level, a significant reform was conducted between 2014 and 2018 to streamline the...

Slovakia has a centralised approach to water management, with one competent authority, the Ministry of Environment, taking charge of all aspects of WFD implementation. In addition, the Office for Regulation of Network Industries (ÚRSO) regulates both drinking water and sanitation tariffs as...

Croatia has two international RBDs: the Danube and the Adriatic, covered by one single RBMP. Three authorities are competent for this RBMP (the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development, the national body responsible for water management Croatian Waters and the Josip Juraj Strossmayer...

There have been no major changes in Hungary's water governance since the 2nd RBMP. Hungary has one RBMP and four sub-basin plans, with a multi-layer type of governance. The Hungarian RBMP is coordinated with the FRMP: these documents are undergoing parallel processes of elaboration and revision;...

In Finland, the preparation and implementation of the RBMPs is done by 14 regional authorities: 13 Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment (ELY Centers); and the Government of Åland. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Ministry of Environment are together...

Poland has several layers of water governance, including Ministries, health authorities and authorities for water management and maritime affairs at the national level; voivodeships (provinces) as the competent authorities at the regional level for enforcement of regulation and implementation of...

Each of Austria's three RBDs: the Danube, the Rhine, and the Elbe is part of three international RBDs. An international agreement, permanent co-operation body, and international RBMP are in place in all three RBDs, but only the Danube and the Rhine iRBMPs (international RBMPs) can be easily...

At the time of this assessment, Belgium had submitted pdf RBMPs for all of its eight RBDs. Electronic reporting was only partially complete (only covering the 2 Flemish RBDs, the Brussels Region RBD for the Scheldt and the Noordzee RBD). The Flanders Region merged the RBMPs for Scheldt and Meuse...

Italy has recently reformed its water governance to ensure better compliance with the WFD principles and other related Directives. In accordance with national legislation, river basin authorities have now full operational power and financial autonomy, and clear roles and responsibilities when it...

Czechia has a two-layer water governance, with authorities competent at the national level (Ministries of Environment and Agriculture) and 14 regional authorities. The RBMPs follow the same logic, with RBMPs at RBD scale and sub-plans on sub-basins. All RBMPs make reference to the objectives of...

Estonia has multiple authorities in charge of the different aspects of the RBMPs, most of them at national levels. The number of competent authorities identified has risen from three to nine since the 2nd RBMPs. All Estonian RBMPs include the objectives of the Floods Directive and the Marine...

Germany has a two-level approach to the governance of the implementation of the WFD: RBMPs at the (national) RBD level and international RBMPs. Some of the RBMPs have subplans. Specific sub-plans can be designed for specific water bodies, e.g. highly polluted water bodies, specific topics, or...

Changing weather patterns pose a fundamental challenge to electricity systems reliant on water resources. Using two decades of plant-level generation and fuel input data matched to hydrological basins in Chile, we show that local droughts reduce hydro output by about 20% on average and trigger...

This study explores how cities and regions can strengthen their resilience to floods through improved governance, coordination, and investment. It analyses the economic, social and environmental impacts of recent flood events; assesses the effectiveness of existing EU legal and financial...

The objective of providing European Climate Law-aligned pathways and the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) underpinning them is to offer a reference that companies can draw on to prepare their transition plans. By addressing an intermediate level between companies and the EU's economy-wide...

In many countries around the world, water scarcity could become a macroeconomically relevant concern. As a key input into production processes (agriculture, power generation, and industrial use) and a common good, water resources risk being overexploited. Regressions with panel data for 169...

This note details the rationale and methodological steps taken to assemble a global dataset of aquifer typologies and resource availability. Such a global dataset can be used to answer high-level but fundamental questions related to the economic accessibility or potential of groundwater in a...

The Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership (GWSP) is a multi-donor trust fund administered by the World Bank's Water Department, established in 2017. Its primary goal is to support countries in achieving water-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 6, which aims...

The world's 10 multilateral development banks (MDBs) are committed to joint action to improve global water security by 2030. The Water Security Financing Report 2024 is the first annual report to monitor this joint commitment. The 2024 report provides a baseline for subsequent years as...

The Water and Sanitation in Indian Cities Knowledge Framework outlines a strategy for modernizing water supply and sanitation (WSS) and solid waste management (SWM) services in 100 large Indian cities, leveraging bankable projects. The framework is informed by assessments of infrastructure and...

Achieving universal and equitable access to water and sanitation remains a critical challenge in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This paper assesses the efficiency of public spending in providing water and sanitation services across Colombian municipalities. Efficiency levels are...

This paper explores the dynamics of the public water supply and sewerage service in Romania, focusing on the relationships between different operational, commercial and financial variables and their impact on the operating profit rate. The aim of the paper is to analyze the interactions, both in...