Fiscal sustainability refers to a government's capacity to generate sufficient revenue to cover its expenses and repay its debts without accumulating excessive liabilities or creating new money. Recent observations indicate that Kenya's economic growth has slowed, prompting concerns about its...

We provide experimental evidence on how fiscal news shapes households' expectations and spending behavior. Using a new survey of ~11,000 Korean individuals linked to automatically collected high-frequency spending data, we elicit respondents' fiscal and macroeconomic beliefs and randomly provide...

New Zealand's population is ageing. Public spending on public pensions (NZ Superannuation) and health are particularly sensitive to this trend and are expected to increase accordingly. Current and future government policies aimed at addressing this challenge will not only influence macroeconomic...

I develop a model-based definition of time-varying sovereign bond safety, and apply it empirically by constructing a news-based index, the FLY, that measures global safe-assets demand. The FLY captures flight-to-safety episodes, the savings glut, and natural interest rate declines. Estimated FLY...

This report takes stock of government debt ratios in eight Central, Eastern and Southeastern European EU member states (CESEE-8) in 2024, including comparisons to 2023. It analyzes the major drivers behind debt developments, such as primary balances, interest payments, the impact of inflation,...

This study examines public debt sustainability in the Eurozone by estimating fiscal reaction functions that assess how fiscal balances respond to rising public debt under heterogeneous macroeconomic conditions. Using annual panel data for 20 EU countries from 2000 to 2024, we employ fixed...

This paper examines the origins, evolution, and resolution efforts surrounding Sri Lanka's 2022 sovereign debt default. Many defaults are triggered by sudden external shocks, but, in contrast, Sri Lanka's crisis was largely the result of prolonged domestic policy failures, including chronic...

This study examines the impact of key governance dimensions on public budget rationalization in Palestine from 2002 to 2023. Utilizing Legitimacy Theory, the research assesses how institutional quality affects fiscal outcomes, including revenues, expenditures, net lending, and budget balance....

This paper examines the impact of public debt servicing on private investment in Egypt within the debt overhang hypothesis. While existing research largely focuses on the debt-growth relationship, limited attention has been given to how debt servicing burdens affect private capital formation....

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the economic crises in Argentina and Lebanon to derive policy-relevant lessons for the design of IMF-supported adjustment programs in fragile economies. Using a structured comparative case study approach, the study examines crisis dynamics, policy...

Using cross-country data for 167 countries with broad post-World War II coverage and historical extensions to earlier periods, we quantify how deficits, taxes, and civilian spending respond to increases and decreases in military spending. On average, deficit financing dominates: a 1 percent-age...

State-contingent debt (SCD) instruments have been proposed as an improvement to sovereign debt markets, but their issuance costs are not well understood. We estimate the SCD premium at issuance and for more than a decade thereafter, employing a quasi-twin bond strategy that uses two very similar...

We design a Bayesian Mixed-Frequency vector autoregression (VAR) model for fiscal monitoring, i.e., to nowcast the government deficit-to-GDP ratio in real time and provide a narrative for its dynamics. The model incorporates both monthly cash and quarterly accrual fiscal indicators, together...

The central contention of this report is that the UK fiscal framework has some desirable features but is not delivering good outcomes. We are in a bad equilibrium. The UK's fiscal framework is based around a set of pass-fail, numerical fiscal rules. The fiscal debate is overly fixated on the...

We examine the changing attention that ECB Governing Council members pay to different policy objectives by analysing more than 4,600 speeches given between the establishment of the ECB and the summer of 2024. Alongside the primary objective of price stability, we consider the following potential...

This paper examines how firm perceptions influence the transmission of fiscal policy. Using natural language processing on corporate earnings calls from 51 countries over two decades, we construct Fiscal Perceptions Indicators (FPI) that capture the incidence, risk framing, and tone of fiscal...

Compared with the relatively straightforward definition of a default event, assessing sovereign debt sustainability remains a grey area. The interaction between fiscal choices, lenders' expectations and economic uncertainty creates a setting in which-particularly when a default...

Emerging market economies (EMEs) regularly tap domestic and international capital markets through scheduled sovereign bond auctions. In this paper, we leverage a novel dataset covering over 75,000 sovereign issuance events and 20,000 securities from 20 EMEs between the early 2000s and 2023 to...

The Direction of Planning (DNP) of the Ministry of Finance has sought Technical Assistance from ICD to help develop capacity for public debt projections and analysis. Pre-scoping and pre-mission meetings revealed that there was no single unit responsible for producing public debt projections. It...

The Direction of Planning (DNP) of the Ministry of Finance has sought Technical Assistance from ICD to help develop capacity for public debt projections and analysis. Pre-scoping and pre-mission meetings revealed that there was no single unit responsible for producing public debt projections. It...

This paper studies the international macro-financial implications of U.S. dollar-backed payment stablecoins. These digital assets create a new global safe asset channel that links private money creation and global payment needs directly to U.S. public debt. By reshaping the demand for safe...

In this note we derive the long-run public deficit to GDP ratio that is compatible with a sustainable public debt. Starting from the observation that a sustainable debt policy requires that the present value of public debt asymptotically converges to zero and that the debt to GDP ratio must be...

We study the fiscal consequences of large military buildups. To do so, we assemble the Global Budget Database, a comprehensive dataset of disaggregated central government finances for 20 countries from 1870 to 2022. We identify 114 episodes of military spending booms, in peace and war, and...

This paper aims to examine the relationship between the implementation of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and governments' financial sustainability. It analyzes whether progress toward the 2030 Agenda is associated with increasing public debt, thereby highlighting the potential fiscal...

Since their inception in 1987, debt-for-nature swaps (D4NS) have emerged as a popular policy tool to simultaneously address sovereign debt burdens and environmental challenges. Drawing on a newly constructed database of global D4NS transactions, this paper shows that Asian economies have played...

Financial risk management is increasingly central to fiscal policy in volatile and highly open economies. This paper assesses the fiscal risk management system of the Republic of Moldova using a SWOT framework complemented by a TOWS strategy matrix (SO, ST, WO, WT). The analysis relies on...