Immigration has become a central driver of U.S. labor force growth. We document new empirical findings that shed light on the relationships between immigration, labor shortages, wage growth, and job openings during the high-immigration period of 2021-2024. The textbook search-and-matching model...

This paper investigates the determinants and dynamics of labour demand and specifically informal labour in Egypt's manufacturing sector, using nationally representative firm-level data from the 2020/21 Egyptian Industrial Firm Behavior Survey. Applying ordinary least squares and fractional logit...

Many countries use job-retention schemes, such as short-time work (STW), to stabilize the labor market during economic downturns. While these schemes might prevent unemployment (UE) and its adverse effects on workers, STW could also deter workers from moving to more productive firms, thereby...

This article examines labor market dynamics in Bulgaria, Italy, and the United Kingdom by integrating demographic pressures, wage and labor cost adjustment, redistribution mechanisms, inequality outcomes, and digital readiness into a single comparative framework. This study first applies...

This paper investigates how competition for skilled labour from foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) affects the alignment of wages and labour productivity in domestic firms. Using linked employer- employee records, worker data, and firm-level customs declarations from South Africa,...

Does artificial intelligence (AI) increase productivity - and does it displace workers? We examine aggregate effects using administrative data covering essentially all U.S. employers in a difference-in-differences design exploiting occupational AI exposure across industries and states. A one...

We study the labor market impact of unplanned pregnancy among women using long-acting reversible contraceptives to delay pregnancy. While most women successfully delay, some have unplanned pregnancies, providing quasi-random variation in pregnancy timing. Analyzing linked health and labor market...

This paper advances a set of economic predictions about how employment-oriented social enterprises may foster labor market inclusion. Drawing on economic reasoning, the paper highlights three channels through which social enterprises might provide a distinctive contribution on particular...

Motorcycle-taxis are among the fastest-growing forms of informal transport in developing economies, providing essential mobility and absorbing millions of workers into flexible but precarious livelihoods. As ride-hailing platforms increasingly drive electric motorcycle adoption in this sector,...

This study investigates the spatial dimensions of labour market polarization in Hungary by examining the widening gap between developed agglomerations and lagging peripheral regions. It explores how educational inequality, technology-driven risks, and constrained mobility affect the spatial...

Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi is proposing very restrictive migration policies. This paper argues that, given Japan's past migration strategy, large-scale immigration will become unavoidable. By contrast, other countries facing similar structural labour shortages will be able to respond not only...

High rates of unemployment and non-participation in the labor market are often attributed to labor market mismatch. This paper examines the mismatch between job seekers' expectations and Egypt's labor market realities. For the non-employed, analyses examine reservation wages and what occupations...

The rapid expansion of the gig economy is reshaping work globally, producing both new opportunities and significant challenges for workers across diverse regions. This scoping review mapped global evidence on gig workers' experiences between 2018 and 2024, following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A...

Generative AI is reshaping what artificial intelligence can do in the workplace, calling into question pre-GenAI assessments of which workers and tasks are most exposed. In this paper we trace the evolution of AI exposure in the European labour market from 2008 to 2024 by linking 352 AI...

The transformation of the labor market driven by digital technology has profoundly affected workers' income. Based on data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2014-2022 and the China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS) 2012-2018, this paper systematically examines the causal effects of...

We study the labor market impact of unplanned pregnancy among women using longacting reversible contraceptives to delay pregnancy. While most women successfully delay, some have unplanned pregnancies, providing quasi-random variation in pregnancy timing. Analyzing linked health and labor market...

Die Bundesregierung plant Reformen, um Erwerbsanreize zu stärken und Menschen zu mehr Arbeit zu bewegen. In Rede stehen etwa Änderungen beim Ehegattensplitting, bei der beitragsfreien Mitversicherung und den Transferentzugsraten im Sozialleistungssystem. Wir zeigen in diesem Papier, dass ein...

Duflo (2001) exploits a 1970s schooling expansion in Indonesia to estimate individual-levelschooling and labor impacts and the returns to schooling. I correct data errors, adjust for potentialsources of bias, follow up later in life, and check sensitivity to two specification choices that...

The volatility of oil prices has a considerable impact on the economies of oil-exporting countries, making it critical to understand how price variations affect labour markets and unemployment. This study investigates the distinct role of labour market institutions in moderating the effects of...

This study investigates the effects of changes in job-filling and job-separation rates on economic fluctuations using an efficiency wage model. It introduces a relationship between labor input and the strategic labor input target into the model. This framework enables us to analyze situations in...

This paper describes the integration of labour supply behavioural responses into UKMOD, the UK tax-benefit microsimulation model belonging to the EUROMOD family. Traditional static models quantify only the direct ("morning after") fiscal and distributional effects of policy reforms, abstracting...

Wars disrupt labor markets, yet systematic evidence on how markets for labor services operate during conflicts is almost entirely absent. Ukraine is a rare exception: despite the full-scale Russian invasion, timely data on workers and vacancies, in both stocks and flows, remain available. We use...

We estimate the long-run effects of marginal admission to elite public high schools on students' labor supply in the context of Mexico City's centralized high school admission system. Using a regression discontinuity approach, we compare students whose placement exam scores are just above and...

This paper studies the relative importance of teacher-student match effects and general teacher effectiveness in producing student learning, and quantifies gains from alternative teacher assignments. We estimate a framework that separates these components, allowing match quality to vary with...

The rapid evolution of technology is reshaping labor markets by altering skill demands and job profiles. This paper introduces a novel skill-based measure of occupational technology intensity - the Occupational Technology Skill Share (OTSS) - that distinguishes between manual, digital, and...

This paper examines how declining migration opportunities to the United States affect local labor markets in Mexico. Using novel micro-level data from consular identification cards and deportations, we link individuals’ Mexican municipalities of origin to their U.S. destination states. We...

This paper studies the causal impact of language skills on human capital accumulation, labor market outcomes, and job characteristics of childhood immigrants across European countries. Using PIAAC data, we adopt an instrumental variable strategy based on the critical age hypothesis and...

This paper critically reviews the empirical and structural literature on the effects of income taxation on informal economic activity. Although labor taxation has been widely studied in relation to labor market outcomes, evidence linking income taxes to informality remains fragmented and uneven...

Road infrastructure boosts economic opportunities and thus contributes to poverty alleviation. This paper investigates the causal impact of paved primary roads on poverty and income mobility in Ecuador, with particular attention to the mechanisms through which these effects materialize....

Non-compete agreements (NCAs) are pervasive even in low-wage labor markets, yet most evidence relies on variation in enforceability rather than NCA incidence. Using longitudinal data from the NLSY97, we study how signing an NCA affects wage trajectories and job tenure. Exploiting complete work...