After three decades of Alexander Lukashenka's rule, Belarus remains trapped between a ruthless dictatorship on the one hand, and Moscow's increasingly suffocating embrace on the other. The EU must reinforce its commitment to the vision of a free, democratic, sovereign and independent Belarus...

After three decades of Alexander Lukashenka's rule, Belarus remains trapped between a ruthless dictatorship on the one hand, and Moscow's increasingly suffocating embrace on the other. The EU must reinforce its commitment to the vision of a free, democratic, sovereign and independent Belarus...

In recent years, Belarus has experienced profound migratory shifts, driven by political repression, geopolitical tensions and regional conflicts. Following the disputed 2020 presidential elections, up to 500,000 Belarusians fled to neighbouring countries, with many seeking stability and...

In den letzten zwei Jahren hat Belarus Trägersysteme erworben, welche Minsk die Fähigkeit zum Einsatz von Nuklearwaffen verschaffen. Zwar behaupten Moskau und Minsk, dass sich mittlerweile russische Atomsprengköpfe auf belarussischem Boden befinden. Gesichert ist dies allerdings nicht, und...

Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 also called the sovereignty of Belarus into question. The country served as a launching pad for the attack, thus becoming a co-aggressor. However, relations between Minsk and Moscow changed the longer the war has lasted. Belarusian leader...

[Introduction:] This analysis is an overview of the main areas within the relationship between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus. It touches upon such aspects of the ties between the two countries as the political and economic integration, the interaction of their military,...

Protest mobilisation and coordination require competences that extend beyond political leadership and communication. Technology, which has become a daily part of humanity, pushes protest leaders to obtain skills in navigating social media to achieve effective communication and leadership. Labour...

The dynamics of Austria's economic relations with the EU Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine - and with Russia have deviated from those of the EU in several important ways. During the decade preceding the war in Ukraine, Austrian trade...

The Belarusian healthcare system is a direct heir to the Soviet medical model, retaining all its strengths and weaknesses. Currently, its functioning can be considered satisfactory: key indicators such as life expectancy and healthy life expectancy are generally comparable to European standards....

Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 also called the sovereignty of Belarus into question. The country served as a launching pad for the attack, thus becoming a co-aggressor. However, relations between Minsk and Moscow changed the longer the war has lasted. Belarusian...

In den letzten zwei Jahren hat Belarus Trägersysteme erworben, welche Minsk die Fähigkeit zum Einsatz von Nuklearwaffen verschaffen. Zwar behaupten Moskau und Minsk, dass sich mittlerweile russische Atomsprengköpfe auf belarussischem Boden befinden. Gesichert ist dies allerdings nicht, und...

Protest mobilisation and coordination require competences that extend beyond political leadership and communication. Technology, which has become a daily part of humanity, pushes protest leaders to obtain skills in navigating social media to achieve effective communication and leadership. Labour...

With the help of the concept of linkage and leverage, this paper aims at exploring how the relative influence of international actors (namely the European Union (EU) and Russia) can explain the persistence of the authoritarian regime in Belarus. The findings suggest that in the background of the...

The SDG Summit will take place on 18-19 September 2023 in New York. UN Secretary-General António Guterres has called it the 'centrepiece' of the UN's work this year. Numerous reports for this year's mid-term review of the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs will lament the 'lack of political will' to...

Die russische Vollinvasion der Ukraine stellte im Februar 2022 auch die Souveränität von Belarus in Frage. Das Land diente als Aufmarschgebiet für den Angriff und wurde damit zum Ko-Aggressor. Doch veränderte sich das Verhältnis zwischen Minsk und Moskau, je länger der Krieg dauerte. Der...

Die russische Vollinvasion der Ukraine stellte im Februar 2022 auch die Souveränität von Belarus in Frage. Das Land diente als Aufmarschgebiet für den Angriff und wurde damit zum Ko-Aggressor. Doch veränderte sich das Verhältnis zwischen Minsk und Moskau, je länger der Krieg dauerte. Der...

With the help of the concept of linkage and leverage, this paper aims at exploring how the relative influence of international actors (namely the European Union (EU) and Russia) can explain the persistence of the authoritarian regime in Belarus. The findings suggest that in the background of the...

The SDG Summit will take place on 18-19 September 2023 in New York. UN Secretary-General António Guterres has called it the “centrepiece” of the UN’s work this year. Numerous reports for this year’s mid-term review of the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs will lament the “lack of political...

Within the growing competition in the world, the development strategy of the economic, social sphere is resource cooperation in the fields of economics, education, culture, industry, agriculture and other sectors of the national production and management system. Some countries do not have...

The paper presents the structure of the innovation infrastructure of the Republic of Belarus. The regulatory and legal platform regulating the innovative activity of economic and social entities has been systematized. The article presents a toolkit for the assessment of the effectiveness of the...

Domestic repression and external autonomy of Belarus have developed in cyclical patterns since its independence. The country's narrowed action space that followed its elections in August 2020 has affected, not least, the security situation in the Baltic Sea region. Relations between Minsk and...

The Russian war in Ukraine has led to many fleeing the country. The Temporary Protection Directive applies to those from Ukraine but also those who received a residence permit in Ukraine as a refugee before 24 February 2022, as those who have fled from Belarus to Ukraine in recent years. We can...

In 2010, Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan formed the Eurasian Customs Union and imposed the Russian tariff as the common external tariff of the Customs Union. In 2015 they formed the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) designed to promote the free flow of goods, services, labor and capital, as Armenia...

The aim to conduct a comparative analysis of the population's consumption of antiepileptic drugs in the retail pharmaceutical markets of developing countries, including Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus in the period 2016-2020.Materials and methods. The objects of the research were the data of...

Youth entrepreneurship plays an important role in solving socio-economic problems: reducing unemployment by creating new jobs, training qualified personnel, etc. Young people are more risk-averse, more enterprising and adaptive. The phenomenon of youth entrepreneurship deserves closer attention...

The case of the Belarusian economy has puzzled many academic scholars for years. Belarus has often been referred to as a transition outlier, given its relatively fast recovery in 1996 and spectacular growth prior to the global financial crisis without much transformation of its economy. Three...

The purpose of this paper is to apply the theory of cycle of money to the cases of Belarus. Prior works have determined the economic characteristics of the case of Latvia, Serbia, and Bulgaria, according to the concept of the theory of cycle of money. The index of the cycle of money suggests how...

This working paper takes into account six sources of financing - international reserves, swap arrangements, EFSD, IMF, multilateral development banks and bilateral financial support for macrostabilization. The analysis is of particular importance in the context of the current crisis associated...

Until 2020 Belarus will need to invest between USD 10–30 bn in its electricity sector. Under the current strategy only USD 675 m are to be invested annually in the entire energy industry (including heating). We argue that the planned financing mix, especially the high budget finance, is not...

This study aims to contribute to understanding the potential risks and impacts of both explicit and implicit contingent liability shocks on government fiscal and debt positions in the EFSD recipient countries. Special attention is paid to the significance of state-owned enterprises and their...

Domestic repression and external autonomy of Belarus have developed in cyclical patterns since its independence. The country's narrowed action space that followed its elections in August 2020 has affected, not least, the security situation in the Baltic Sea region. Relations between Minsk and...

In 2009–2017, economies of Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan lived through periods of adverse external and domestic conditions characterized by weak external demand and falling export prices. Devaluation of domestic currencies following the sharp depreciation of the Russian ruble,...

The monetary policy of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus is aimed at supporting all market interest rates at a level that enables it to target inflation in order to ensure financial stability and sustainable economic development.The refinancing rate set by the National Bank is a key...

Die Diskussion um die Erweiterung der Europäischen Union (EU) hat neuen Schub bekommen. Vor dem Hintergrund des russischen Angriffskriegs gegen die Ukraine hat der Europäische Rat im Juni 2022 der Ukraine und der Republik Moldau jeweils den Status eines Beitrittskandidaten sowie Georgien den...

The Russian war in Ukraine has led to many fleeing the country. The Temporary Protection Directive applies to those from Ukraine but also those who received a residence permit in Ukraine as a refugee before 24 February 2022, as those who have fled from Belarus to Ukraine in recent years. We can...