A large body of research across management, psychology, accounting, and economics shows that subjective performance evaluations are systematically biased: ratings cluster near the midpoint of scales and are often excessively lenient. As organizations increasingly adopt large language models...

Online ratings emerge from a multi-stage process that can systematically distort their informational content. We develop a unified framework decomposing the rating process into distinct components: experienced quality (driven by intrinsic quality, seller effort, and price), expectations formed...

This Thünen Working Paper presents the results of the research project "Joint Project: Expansion of a systematic monitoring of the bioeconomy - consolidation phase." The project aimed to further develop the monitoring concept for the German bioeconomy and to update initial monitoring results....

We examine the impact of ESG rating disagreement on the relationship between ESG ratings and firm performance. We find that ESG ratings are negatively associated with firm performance. Moreover, ESG rating disagreement positively moderates the relationship between ESG ratings and firm...

The study aims to gather a robust evidence base as an input to the evaluation, in order to provide an in-depth analysis of the performance of the Directive since 2019. An assessment of the current issues raised by businesses, citizens and administrations and their impacts is also provided. The...

The study aims to gather a robust evidence base as an input to the evaluation, in order to provide an in-depth analysis of the performance of the Directive since 2019. An assessment of the current issues raised by businesses, citizens and administrations and their impacts is also provided. The...

This study assesses the continued relevance and European added value of the 2014 Public Procurement Directives against the backdrop of recent crises, technological advances, and evolving EU policy priorities. The analysis finds that while the Directives have enhanced transparency, legal...

Biodiversity is the variety of life at genetic, species, and ecosystems levels. It is essential to sustain human life, food security, crop yields, jobs, livelihoods, and marine productivity. Yet, it is declining at an unprecedented rate as the planet approaches a tipping point that could have...

The Results and Performance of the World Bank Group 2025 (RAP 2025) report presents a two-part review of the lending and non-lending support of the World Bank Group. Part 1 will focus on trends in project- and country-level effectiveness and will be anchored in the Bank Group's Outcomes...

Although wage rates are lower when employers have monopsony power, we find that the value of a statistical life (VSL) is not reduced when labor markets are more concentrated. Because the estimated VSL is the product of the wage and the wage-risk tradeoff rate, a greater tradeoff rate in highly...

The European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) is a multidimensional monitoring framework providing a comparative assessment of the research and innovation performance of the EU27 as well as 12 neighbouring countries, their global partners, and the relative strengths and weaknesses of their research...

This study examines gender differences in the impact of low-stakes test penalties on academic performance for a first-year undergraduate applied economics course at a public university in Spain using a quasi-experimental design. The study explores how the presence or absence of these penalties...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a servant leadership development intervention. A one-group pre-test and post-test experimental design was applied to evaluate servant leadership behavior before and after a servant leadership intervention. A sample of 44 managers was...

The Agricultural Sector Resilience Progress Indicator (I.9) is an innovative multidimensional composite indicator that evaluates the status and progress of various factors impacting agricultural resilience in EU27 countries, particularly in response to climate change. I.9 serves as a novel tool...

The project aims to support and improve the current monitoring and evaluation system by designing a system adapted to the specific characteristics of the intelligent specialisation strategy and providing the necessary information to address the reporting needs of the managing authority.

The Single Market Programme (SMP) is an EU funding programme providing EUR 4.2 billion over the period of 2021-2027 for an integrated package to improve the functioning of the internal market and protect and empower citizens and businesses, in particular SMEs. It brings together six predecessor...

The purpose of this study is to support the European Commission in conducting the interim evaluation of the 2021-2030 strategic framework for European cooperation in education and training towards the European Education Area (EEA) (hereafter referred to as the EEA strategic framework or European...

The "Technical Guidance Note on Standardizing Digital MRV in Carbon Markets: System Evaluation Criteria and Hotspots Assessment" is one of five guidance notes prepared by the Carbon Markets Infrastructure Working Group (CMI WG). This note offers a practical foundation for standardizing and...

Webb, Holyoak & Lu (2023) compared human reasoners and GPT-3 on several tasks involving analogy resolution, documenting human-level or superhuman performance in most conditions. In this direct replication, we tested a different, open-weights language model (Mixtral-8x7B) on the same materials...