Myanmar’s education system stands at a critical juncture, shaped by overlapping crises and significant resilience. Following years of conflict, political instability, and economic stress, recent data reveal both progress and persistent vulnerabilities. Primary school enrollment has largely...

This paper examines whether Ghana's education reforms have increased intergenerational education mobility. Using the newly constructed Ghana Education and Labour Series-a harmonized dataset combining multiple rounds of the Ghana Living Standards Survey-we track intergenerational education...

South Africa's education system remains shaped by a legacy of colonialism and apartheid, with persistent racial disparities in attainment despite multiple post-1994 reforms. Using wave 5 of the National Income Dynamics Study, this paper examines intergenerational education mobility across...

Die Bildungsleistungen deutscher Schüler*innen sinken, die Bildungsungleichheit ist hoch. Dabei sind Bildungsleistungen ein entscheidender Faktor für wirtschaftlichen Wohlstand. Reformvorschläge für ein höheres Leistungsniveau bestehen darin, einen klaren Fokus auf die Vermittlung von...

The School Completion Programme was established in 2002 to provide support for children and young people at risk of early school leaving and is part of a suite of supports offered through the Delivering Equality of Opportunity in Schools (DEIS)1 programme. The programme is run by Tusla Education...

This paper constructs a new global historical database on public expenditure and revenue and their components—particularly education and health expenditure—covering all world regions over the 1800-2025 period. We document a large rise of human capital expenditure (as % of GDP) in all parts...

Inequality of opportunity is a critical issue that significantly impacts the socioeconomic landscape. Understanding the variations in income and educational attainment has become increasingly important, as these disparities are often shaped by social determinants such as individual effort and...

Measuring income gaps across family backgrounds is crucial for evaluating inequality and informing policy. I develop a multidimensional approach and apply it to Dutch administrative data with exceptionally rich information on parents and extended family. This approach reveals strikingly larger...

Many countries have established new local colleges to increase access to education for disadvantaged populations. However, many of these expansions have not reduced educational inequality. Drawing on evidence from a large-scale college expansion initiative, we find that increased college...

Substantial and persistent differences in learning outcomes between schools largely caused by school segregation is a recurrent issue in many countries and is seen as a threat against equality of opportunity. Compensatory resource allocation policies are sometimes used to mitigate this problem,...

This study investigates the long-term effects of early-life health on intergenerational mobility in Brazil. Using the first cohort in Brazil, conducted in Ribeirão Preto city in 1978-79, linked to administrative income records, we study the effects of low birth weight on upward mobility and...

The World Bank commits to removing barriers to inclusive education so that the right to education may be upheld for all children and youth, including learners from poorer households and/or rural and remote communities, persons with disabilities, ethnic- and linguistic minorities, Indigenous...

This paper explores how inequality of opportunities (IOp) and institutional distrust shape beliefs about social and economic outcomes in the Western Balkans. Drawing on data from the Public Opinion Survey (2017-2021) conducted by the Regional Cooperation Council, we apply a robust multivariate...

This chapter argues that parenting choices are a central force in the joint evolution of culture and economic outcomes. We present a framework in which parents - motivated by both their children’s future success and their own normative beliefs - choose parenting styles and transmit cultural...

Educational tracking-separating students into tracks or schools by ability-is commonplace, but access and preferences for top programs often depend on socioeconomic status (SES), reinforcing inequality. We study shadow education in the context of an early-tracking system, exploiting score...

Horizontal gender segregation in education negatively impacts both equity and efficiency in the labor market, contributing to disparities in career opportunities and economic outcomes. This paper examines the influence of social origins on gender segregation in Italian tertiary education over...

The School Completion Programme was established in 2002 to provide support for children and young people at risk of early school leaving and is part of a suite of supports offered through the Delivering Equality of Opportunity in Schools (DEIS)1 programme. The programme is run by Tusla Education...

We provide evidence for a new propagation mechanism of wealth inequality and mobility. Using unique administrative data and a quasi-field experiment of exogenous assignment, we find that educated entrants, faced with greater local wealth inequality and salient cases of wealth mobility, take...

Today's parents prioritize their children's future opportunities and well-being over the costs and benefits of child-rearing. Inequality of opportunity (IO) worsens children's developmental prospects and reduces fertility intentions. Using nationally representative data from China, we show that...

This study aims to analyze to what extent distance education is feasible and efficient with the limited technological infrastructure in Egypt. The study answers this question from the perspective of households' preparedness level regarding possessing information and communication technologies...

This paper uses China's Census data from 1982 to 2005 to measure and decompose the degree of inequality in educational opportunity (IOE). We apply the parameter estimation method from an ex-ante perspective and the Shapley value decomposition method to calculate the contribution of...

This paper argues that relative measures of intergenerational mobility and inequality of opportunity are closely related ways of quantifying the inheritability of inequality. We review both literatures for Latin America, looking both at income and educational persistence. We document very high...

The magnitude of out-of-school children (OOSC) in the Philippines has shown both progress and challenges in recent years. While the national OOSC rate decreased from 5.9% (1.64 million children) in 2017 to 4.1% (1.16 million children) in 2022, and further improved to 4.9% in 2023, troubling...

This paper proposes the application of an existing measure in a new context. Specifically, we adapt a measure originally proposed to characterize the degree of educational assortative mating to measure relative intergenerational mobility along the educational trait and inequality of opportunity....

Das ifo Bildungsbarometer 2024, unsere jährliche Befragung der erwachsenen deutschen Bevölkerung, lässt erstmals Auswer­tungen auf Bundeslandebene zu. In Bayern geben 41 % der Be­völkerung den Schulen in ihrem Bundesland die Note 1 oder 2, gefolgt von Hamburg (35 %) und Sachsen (33 %). In...

As the brewing industry underwent major changes and brewing became ever more science-based in the course of the 19 th century, the need for a more science-based brewer's education grew. The article explores the reforms and diversification of brewing education, starting with the traditional way...