The European Higher Education Sector Observatory (EHESO) is a user-centred data platform on the higher education sector in Europe. It integrates in a single place several EU data and transparency tools, notably U-Multirank and ETER. EHESO will make it possible to analyse, benchmark and showcase...

The European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning (EQF) facilitates the transparency and comparability of qualifications. This supports cross-border mobility of learners and workers, promotes lifelong learning and professional development across Europe and beyond. The EQF makes it...

The European Higher Education Sector Observatory (EHESO) is a user-centred data platform on the higher education sector in Europe. It integrates in a single place several EU data and transparency tools, notably U-Multirank and ETER. EHESO will make it possible to analyse, benchmark and showcase...

More than two decades after the launch of the Bologna Process, the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) is now evolving in a context where a series of major crises have arrived in quick succession: the COVID-19 pandemic followed by Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine, a cost of living...

More than two decades after the launch of the Bologna Process, the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) is now evolving in a context where a series of major crises have arrived in quick succession: the COVID-19 pandemic followed by Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine, a cost of living...

This independent, external study supports the European Commission in the evaluation of Council Recommendation of 22 May 2017 on the European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning (2017 EQF Recommendation). It includes an assessment of effectiveness, efficiency, relevance, coherence and...

This independent, external study supports the European Commission in the evaluation of Council Recommendation of 22 May 2017 on the European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning (2017 EQF Recommendation). It includes an assessment of effectiveness, efficiency, relevance, coherence and...

The European Commission organised three European citizens' panels in 2023, one of which discussed the topic of 'learning mobility'. Each of the panels brought together up to 150 randomly selected citizens from all 27 EU Member States to deliberate and make recommendations ahead of certain key...

The European Commission organised three European citizens' panels in 2023, one of which discussed the topic of 'learning mobility'. Each of the panels brought together up to 150 randomly selected citizens from all 27 EU Member States to deliberate and make recommendations ahead of certain key...

This Programming Document (PD) for 2023-2026 provides a structured overview of ECHA's activities and objectives in 2023, and of the human and financial resources allocated for delivering these objectives. It also provides a multiannual outlook until 2026, covering ECHA's main activities together...

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to analyse comparatively, at regional level, the current state of a wide range of indicators of Vocational Education and Training (VET) at regional level in Spain. This will make it possible to characterise and better understand the existence of a variety of...

Starting in 1999, the Bologna Process reformed the German five-year study system for a first degree into the three-year bachelor's (BA) system to harmonize study lengths in Europe and improve competitiveness. This reform unintentionally challenged the German apprenticeship system that offers...

This paper discusses rising enrolment rates, access, governance, underperformance in research and teaching, lack of internationalisation, private returns to education and the funding problems of European universities. Our proposals for reform are based on more autonomy for universities, higher...

The Bologna process aims at creating a European Higher Education Area where inter-country mobility of students and staff, as well as workers holding a degree, is facilitated. While several aspects of the process deserve wide public support, the reduction of the length of the first cycle of...

The mobility of labor reduces national incentives to invest in internationally applicable education. The European Union could overcome this by allowing member states to institute graduate taxes or income-contingent loans, collected also from migrants. This paper presents calculations on how a...

Starting in 1999, the Bologna Process reformed the German five-year study system for a first degree into the three-year bachelor's (BA) system to harmonize study lengths in Europe and improve competitiveness. This reform unintentionally challenged the German apprenticeship system that offers...

Starting in 1999, the Bologna Process reformed the German five-year study system for a first degree into the three-year bachelor's (BA) system to harmonize study lengths in Europe and improve competitiveness. This reform unintentionally challenged the German apprenticeship system that offers...

This article proposes an empirical assessment of a particular component of the tertiary education, the Vocational Education and Training (VET). It presents strengths and weaknesses of different vocational higher education systems across European Countries, focussing on political and social...

The digital revolution is not only about large tech companies but also essentially about start-ups and SMEs that provide or use digital solutions. SMEs are vital to the European economy, making up 99% of Europe's businesses and accounting for two-thirds of total employment. The variety is huge,...

This programming document (PD) covers the period 2020-22. It is structured around the three main areas of work defined in the EMCDDA Strategy 2025, namely health, security and business drivers. The concrete priorities of work are defined every year within these main areas, and they are presented...

Independent Kazakh Agency for Quality Assurance in Education in Kazakhstan concludes that the education system of the country ‘has undergone dramatic changes’ after it officially joined the Bologna Process. This paper aims to review critically the current situation around the process and...

When speaking about innovation in education and teaching, people usually refer to changes fostered by innovation in technology for the purpose of learning, teaching, and curriculum development. The reason why this happens is obvious: technical / technological changes do happen fast, and their...

The Bologna Process has brought us a long way towards achieving the goals for European higher education set two decades ago. This third edition of the Bologna Process Implementation Report provides clear evidence of change in the higher education landscape. It shows where progress has been made,...

The Bologna Process has brought us a long way towards achieving the goals for European higher education set two decades ago. This third edition of the Bologna Process Implementation Report provides clear evidence of change in the higher education landscape. It shows where progress has been made,...

The Bologna Process - starting with the Sorbonne and Bologna Declarations - was the response of national governments to the problems arising from the EU-driven mobility of European students and graduates: many higher education ministers agreed to pursue the convergence of their systems in order...

This second EMCDDA Programming Document (PD) covers the period 2018-20. Its timeframe falls within a transition period between the EMCDDA Strategy and work programme for 2016-18 and the new EMCDDA Strategy 2025, which was adopted by the Management Board in December 2016. Therefore, while the PD...

This second EMCDDA Programming Document (PD) covers the period 2018-20. Its timeframe falls within a transition period between the EMCDDA Strategy and work programme for 2016-18 and the new EMCDDA Strategy 2025, which was adopted by the Management Board in December 2016. Therefore, while the PD...

This publication focuses on the duration of compulsory education/training in Europe. It highlights the starting and leaving ages and distinguishes the notions of full-time and part-time compulsory education/training. The information is available for 43 European education systems covering 38...

The Bologna Process has brought us a long way towards achieving the goals for European higher education set two decades ago. This third edition of the Bologna Process Implementation Report provides clear evidence of change in the higher education landscape. It shows where progress has been made,...

Discussions about vocational education and training (VET) rarely set the blood pumping and heart racing. This programming document for 2018-20 outlines how Cedefop will support the European Commission, Member States and social partners to improve VET and raise skill levels. It features many...