As follow-up to the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF) working group on social data in fisheries that took place mid-October in 2023, the European Commission decided to prepare National Fisheries Profiles (NFPs) for Member States. NFPs collate a range of social...

Estonia has multiple authorities in charge of the different aspects of the RBMPs, most of them at national levels. The number of competent authorities identified has risen from three to nine since the 2nd RBMPs. All Estonian RBMPs include the objectives of the Floods Directive and the Marine...

The Floods Directive (FD) established a framework for flood risk management (FRM). It foresees 6-yearly cycles aiming to reduce the risk of flood damage in the European Union (EU). The first cycle covered the period 2010-15. The second cycle covered the period 2016-21. The third cycle will cover...

The Floods Directive (FD) established a framework for flood risk management. It foresees 6-yearly cycles aiming at the reduction of the adverse consequences associated with floods in the European Union (EU). The first cycle covered the period 2010-15. The second cycle covers the period 2016-21....

Estonia ranks first in the EU for basic skills, and is the only country which has reached the EU target for basic skills in all three domains (reading, science and maths). Its education system is also one of the most equitable in the EU. Investment in AI tools and training aims to ensure...

The Education and Training Monitor's country reports present and assess the main recent and ongoing policy development at all education levels in the 27 EU Member States. They give the reader more in-depth insight into the performance of a country as regards the EU-level targets agreed within...

This article investigates firms' strategies for international expansion, foreign direct investment (FDI) and exports. We use the framework of Helpman et al. (2004) to illustrate how firm-level productivity differences influence these strategies. We extend this model with multifactor production...

This study explores the economic feasibility and long-term potential of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems in multi-apartment buildings across the Baltic States (Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia) through 2050. Using stochastic modeling and Monte Carlo simulations, it uniquely evaluates the...

This unique insight into the corporate investment in Estonia examines companies' finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2024 edition also provides insight into the pressing issues facing firms, such as climate change, high energy costs and the green transition. The survey, which has...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside with the of national authorities and stakeholders to introduce...

The aim is to identify gaps in the monitoring network for Estonia according to the revised Ambient Air Quality Directive (Directive (EU) 2024/2881). The analysis is conducted considering the data officially reported by Estonia for the last five years (2019-2023) to EEA's Repornet2. Data has been...

As governments across the world increasingly undergo digitalisation processes, ensuring cybersecurity of these provisions cannot be 100% guaranteed. How, then, can governments best respond to a cybersecurity crisis in order to bolster cybersecurity in the future? Even Estonia, one of the...

The VAT Gap represents the difference between expected VAT revenues and those actually collected, reflecting compliance challenges, policy inefficiencies, and enforcement gaps. As part of the European Commission's ongoing efforts to improve VAT compliance and revenue collection, these 27 country...

This report seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of Estonia's integration policy concerning the Roma, to assess the alignment of the policy with the EU Roma Strategic Framework, and identify areas for improvement. The findings are based on qualitative research, including interviews with Roma...

This case study is an analysis of the cross-border labour market in the EE Lääne-Eesti-LV Pieriga/Vidzeme Region. It studies the dynamics of the cross-border labour market from both a statistical and policy perspective and focuses on the cross-border region as a whole. To compensate for the...

The government that took office in April 2023 has stated its main objectives as ensuring Estonia's security, sustainability of public finances, implementing the green transition, decreasing regional disparities, ensuring high quality education, alleviating income inequality and improving the...

There were 32 potential ELD occurrences from the time that the ELD was transposed into Estonian law in December 2007 and 2019. Of these, 14 occurrences involved an imminent threat of, or actual, damage to water, six involved an imminent threat of, or actual, damage to land, and 21 involved an...

As stated in Article 8 of the Regulation (EU) 2022/2371 on Serious Cross-Border Threats to Health, ECDC has the responsibility, in coordination with relevant Union agencies and bodies, to conduct Public Health Emergency Preparedness Assessments of all European Union and European Economic Area...

This in-depth review presents the main findings of the Commission's staff assessment of macroeconomic vulnerabilities for Estonia for the purposes of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances. It provides technical input to the Commission for the...

Estonia has a regulated fishing sector, with mandatory qualifications for professional coastal fishermen and seafarers. The seafarer qualifications apply to the LSF and DWF fleets. Training programmes focus on sustainability, technical expertise, and compliance with the STCW (for seafarers)....

Empirical models of trade agreements implicitly assume that withdrawal from a trade agreement has an equal and opposite trade effect as accession, i.e., symmetry. With increasing opposition to international economic cooperation, it becomes urgent to test this assumption. We analyze a...

Many studies show that the employees of foreign-owned firms earn higher wages on average than their otherwise similar counterparts in domestic firms. This paper contributes to the strand of literature that compares the differences in the wage gains related to foreign acquisitions, dependent on...

Gender Revolution Theory offers a compelling hypothesis about the role of gender equality in contemporary fertility dynamics, suggesting that a more egalitarian division of paid and unpaid labour among couples will enhance childbearing. However, the empirical evidence supporting is weak. This...

This VET policy brief produced by Cedefop presents a snapshot of vocational education and training policy developments in Estonia between 2020 and the end of 2024. It presents the context and the challenges the country faces, a selection of the latest VET-related statistics, as well as the...

The Commission carried out a study to look at consumer behaviours concerning food waste and date marking. The study covered over 25000 participants from across all 27 EU Member States, who were asked to report on how they manage food in their daily lives through a survey. Based on their...

Labor productivity growth has decelerated in the Baltic economies during the past two decades, with the downturn accelerating in recent years. This Selected Issues Paper analyzes the roles of allocative efficiency and firm dynamics in productivity growth. Our results suggest that the lack of...

Estonia’s tax mix has been traditionally reliant on consumption taxes—especially VAT—whereas income taxes are a relatively small share of revenue. Recent and expected changes will further shift the tax burden in this direction. Consumption taxes are less distortive than income taxes, but...

This Selected Issues Paper revisits fiscal multipliers for Estonia with a view to highlighting policy trade-offs and providing growth-friendly options for fiscal consolidation. The pandemic triggered a sharp and partly permanent increase in government spending. Demand for better quality and...

This Selected Issues paper revisits fiscal multipliers for Estonia with a view to highlighting policy trade-offs and providing growth-friendly options for fiscal consolidation. The pandemic triggered a sharp and partly permanent increase in government spending. Demand for better quality and...

The Estonian economy is slowly re-emerging from a prolonged downturn but faces structural challenges. Wages growing faster than productivity and permanent increases in input costs, a legacy of previous shocks, are hindering price-sensitive activities, while production with higher technological...

The Education and Training Monitor's country reports present and assess the main recent and ongoing policy development at all education levels in the 27 EU Member States. They give the reader more in-depth insight into the performance of a country as regards the EU-level targets agreed within...

This Policy Brief offers a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of the regulatory frameworks governing platform work in four European countries. The comparative analysis draws upon research conducted by the OECD and the World Economic Forum (WEF) on the principles of good regulation. Adapting...

This study investigates wealth disparities between native and immigrant populations in Estonia and Latvia, focusing on individuals aged 60 years or older as the vast majority of immigrants in the Baltic region fall within this age group. We estimate the wealth differences between natives and...

The Territorial Just Transition Plan (TJTP) has helped to create a 'soft' networking structure with a high participation of various regional and local representatives, such as a regional science council, a tourism cluster, an education cluster, etc. These representatives also contribute to the...

The Territorial Just Transition Plan (TJTP) has helped to create a 'soft' networking structure with a high participation of various regional and local representatives, such as a regional science council, a tourism cluster, an education cluster, etc. These representatives also contribute to the...

The Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM) is a research tool that is designed to identify potential risks to media pluralism in the Member States of the European Union and in Candidate Countries. This narrative report has been produced on the basis of the implementation of the MPM that was carried out...

This country report has been developed as part of the 'European Monitor of Industrial Ecosystems' project of the European Commission, Directorate General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs and the European Innovation Council and SMEs Executive Agency. It provides data...