The inquiry into the global significance of the euro, which is the second most important currency in the international financial system after the US dollar (hereinafter, the dollar), should be treated as a priority in efforts to strengthen the EU’s strategic autonomy. The main obstacles...

The paper finds that the post-pandemic inflation surge and subsequent decline from 2021 to 2024 had no significant impact on public support for the Euro for the EA-19 and for most individual member states of the EA-19. From 2021 to 2024, net public support for the euro remained remarkably stable...

As part of the Eurosystem’s annual banknote production planning, the national central banks draw up forecasts estimating the volumes of national-issued banknotes in circulation for the three years ahead. As at the end of 2021, more than 80 per cent of euro banknotes in circulation (cumulated...

The euro was launched, on 1 January 1999, as a common currency for members of the European Union that complied with the Maastricht Treaty. The Maastricht Treaty calls for the coordination of major macroeconomic policies, such as inflation, budget balance, public debt, and long-term interest...

he configurative comparative method, Dynamic Pattern Synthesis (DPS) is used to replicate previous research into the impact of the euro on economic convergence. The DPS method ensures a forensic examination of the diverse variable patterns that influence cluster memberships. As with previous...

This paper examines the responses of foreign exchange rates to the Federal Reserve's large-scale asset purchases (LSAPs) and forward guidance (FWG) from 2009 to 2022 using local projections. I confirm heterogeneous responses of examined foreign exchange rates to unconventional shocks, varying by...

The digital euro project will reach an important milestone this year when the preparation phase ends and the governing council of the ECB will decide whether to enter the next phase before the launch phase. This article provides an overview on how a digital euro is intended to work. An...

Mit der Abschaffung der D-Mark und der Einführung des Euro waren Hoffnungen verbunden, aber auch Befürchtungen, dass die neue Währung nicht so stabil wie die D-Mark sein könnte. Die D-Mark gehörte international über 50 Jahre zu den zwei Währungen mit den niedrigsten Inflationsraten. In...

This documentation paper provides background information and basic descriptive statistics for a representative survey of the French, German, and Italian populations, focusing on attitudes towards and the demand for a digital euro conducted on our behalf by Dynata in November and December 2023....

This study reviews new perceptions of an imminent decline of the international role of the US dollar and implications for the euro. It considers developments in international reserves, invoicing, debt and payment systems. Strengths and weaknesses of the US and euro area economies are discussed...

The Eurosystem's digital euro project aims to adapt central bank money to the digital age, addressing the current challenges of the European payments ecosystem. As payment habits evolve, the use of cash declines and digital transactions become the norm, the need for a public digital means of...

This study reviews new perceptions of an imminent decline of the international role of the US dollar and implications for the euro. It considers developments in international reserves, invoicing, debt and payment systems. Strengths and weaknesses of the US and euro area economies are discussed...

This study reviews new perceptions of an imminent decline of the international role of the US dollar and implications for the euro. It considers developments in international reserves, invoicing, debt and payment systems. Strengths and weaknesses of the US and euro area economies are discussed...

Geopolitical frictions and high levels of uncertainty in US policy are driving countries to reduce dependence on the US dollar and implement new policies to promote their own currencies for settling cross-border trade. This Weekly Report analyzes the reactions of firms to such measures, focusing...

Europe's payments landscape is undergoing a profound transformation, with digital transactions rapidly becoming the norm. In this context, the Eurosystem is developing a digital euro to ensure that everyone in the euro area continues to have access to a public, trusted, and universally accepted...

This paper examines the persistence and challenges of dollar supremacy in the international monetary system, from Bretton Woods to digital stablecoins. It highlights structural supports for dollar dominance, such as deep U.S. financial markets and commodity pricing, but also explores...

The dollar is likely to lose its dominant position as a world currency. The world will evolve towards a multipolar currency system which includes the euro as one of the significant international currencies. To achieve this status the Capital Markets Union (CMU) should be strengthened. In...

The dollar is likely to lose its dominant position as a world currency. The world will evolve towards a multipolar currency system which includes the euro as one of the significant international currencies. To achieve this status the Capital Markets Union (CMU) should be strengthened. In...

This paper examines the persistence and challenges of dollar supremacy in the international monetary system, from Bretton Woods to digital stablecoins. It highlights structural supports for dollar dominance, such as deep U.S. financial markets and commodity pricing, but also explores...

Die US-Kryptogesetzgebung 2025 markiert einen Wendepunkt in der internationalen Finanzpolitik. Der Beitrag ordnet die (geplanten) US-Gesetze ordnungspolitisch ein und stellt sie der finanzpolitischen Strategie der EU gegenüber. Die US-Kryptogesetzgebung fördert die Nutzung privater...

This study reviews new perceptions of an imminent decline of the international role of the US dollar and implications for the euro. It considers developments in international reserves, invoicing, debt and payment systems. Strengths and weaknesses of the US and euro area economies are discussed...

The paper discusses the functions and the potential of stablecoins as an innovative payment system: Stablecoins constitute a new payment object which can be used for a direct exchange on the infrastructures provided by blockchains and crypto exchanges. For the discussion of stablecoins It is...

Regulation (EU) 2024/1257 on type-approval of motor vehicles and engines and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles, with respect to their emissions and battery durability, also called Euro 7, will be applicable by the end of May 2028 for new heavy-duty...

We provide new evidence on the effects of adopting a common European currency on banks' profitability in the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) region. We construct a panel of 1033 bank-year observations across 11 countries between 2006 and 2020. Our results suggest that the effect of the eurozone...

We document that compared to all other investor groups investment funds exhibit a distinctly procyclical behavior when financial-market beliefs about the probability of a euro-related, institutional rare disaster spike. In response to such euro disaster risk shocks, investment funds shed...

On 1 November 2023 a two-year preparation phase was launched to lay the groundwork for the potential issuance of a digital euro. The primary objectives during this phase include providing a draft digital euro scheme rulebook, selecting potential providers for the digital euro platform and...

On 1 November 2023 a two-year preparation phase was launched to lay the groundwork for the potential issuance of a digital euro. The primary objectives during this phase include providing a draft digital euro scheme rulebook, selecting potential providers for the digital euro platform and...

This article provides a timely update on central bank digital currencies and the digital euro in the wake of the new executive orders, signed by US President Donald Trump, which establish a strategic Bitcoin reserve and a US Digital Asset Stockpile on the one hand, and ban central bank digital...

The 2024 Euro money market study provides a comprehensive analysis of euro money markets using trade data from the 45 largest euro area banks. It examines five key segments of the euro money markets: (i) secured transactions - repurchase agreements (repos) and reverse repos, (ii) unsecured cash...

The 2024 Euro money market study provides a comprehensive analysis of euro money markets using trade data from the 45 largest euro area banks. It examines five key segments of the euro money markets: (i) secured transactions - repurchase agreements (repos) and reverse repos, (ii) unsecured cash...

In this paper we analyse potential impacts that dollar-denominated stablecoins could have on monetary policy. We also consider related questions about the introduction of the digital euro. Based on our findings, the adoption of stablecoins in Europe is unlikely to be large-scale without state...

In this paper we analyse potential impacts that dollar-denominated stablecoins could have on monetary policy. We also consider related questions about the introduction of the digital euro. Based on our findings, the adoption of stablecoins in Europe is unlikely to be large-scale without state...

This 24th annual review of the international role of the euro presents an overview of developments in the use of the euro by non-euro area residents in 2024. This was a year that saw continuing geopolitical tensions, decreases in policy interest rates and further declines in inflation in the...

The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is the framework of economic policies covering the European Union (EU) - including both euro area and non-euro area countries. The principal long-term aim of EMU is economic convergence for the EU over three successive stages. Once a country reaches the...